Electrochemical nanoarchitectonics and layer-by-layer assembly: From basics to future

Abstract

No. of Pages 30 2 G. Rydzek et al. SummaryDuring the last few decades, electrochemistry and electrode modification have seen a tremendous fall off in creativity with the emergence of the nanoarchitectonic-based layerby-layer (LbL) film deposition technique. An unprecedented variety of building blocks can be immobilized on surfaces, leading to progress in several fields including sensing, electrochromic, electro-responsive and energy devices. This review describes the state of the art of electrochemical devices based on LbL assemblies, with a focus on supercapacitors, biosensors, and electroresponsive LbL such as electrodissolution/electroswelling of coatings. Recently, electrochemistry has also been used as an ''active trigger'' to induce the formation of films by covalent coupling, leading to new nanoarchitectonic approaches beyond the LbL strategy. These emerging electro-coupling reactions, including electroclick and carbazole chemistry, open new perspectives toward architecture and patterning of functional films and are extensively reviewed.

Layered Platinum Dichalcogenides (PtS2, PtSe2, and PtTe2) Electrocatalysis: Monotonic Dependence on the Chalcogen Size

“…[18] The presence of SO 4 2− in PtS 2 is also highlighted in XPS spectra ( Figure 3) which has apparent S 2p binding energies at 169.2 eV. In PtSe 2 , the anodic process occurring at 0.8 V likely involves formation of HSeO 3 − , SeO 3 2− , and SeO 4 2− species as Se undergoes an oxidation from −2 to +4 or even +6 state. [19] Upon oxidation at 0.4 V, the Te chalcogen in PtTe 2 produces both solid and aqueous species in oxidation states of +4 and +6, such as TeO 2 , HTeO 3 − and HTeO 4 − .…”

“…The PtSe 2 and PtTe 2 samples exist in single phase, while the PtS 2 prepared by precipitation showed an amorphous structure. The PtTe 2 has lattice para meters a,b = 0.40271(3) nm and c = 0.82234(3) nm corresponding to elemental cell volume 0.07336 nm 3 . High intensity of (001) as well as (002) and (003) reflection at 16.949 °2θ, 34.301 °2θ, and 52.508 °2θ indicate high preferential orientation of layered structure.…”

Outstanding Low Temperature Thermoelectric Power Factor from Completely Organic Thin Films Enabled by Multidimensional Conjugated Nanomaterials

“…Layerby-layer (LbL) assembly of thin fi lms from water can be used to prepare well-organized, higher performance organic thermoelectrics. [ 24,25 ] LbL assembly was recently used for the fi rst time to produce a polyelectrolyte carbon nanocomposite with a PF that outperforms any known organic thermoelectric materials. [ 26 ] A key advantage of the LbL technique is that sequential assembly of intrinsically conductive polymer and carbonaceous nanoparticle networks lead to a novel 3D fi lm whose TE properties exceed those of each individual component and those of a bulk fi lm made with the same components.…”

Use of Redox Probes for Characterization of Layer-by-Layer Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes

“…5,6 Adjacent layers usually associate through electrostatic interactions between materials of opposite charge. Film stability can also be affected by other intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and Van der Waal's forces.…”

“…Film stability can also be affected by other intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and Van der Waal's forces. 6 LbL-constructed nanostructured electrodes have found use in the preparation of supercapacitors 4,5 and proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) 4 as well as chemical sensors and biosensors. 1,[6][7][8] Sensors and biosensors prepared by LbL methods often employ ionic polymers like poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and/or polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) to facilitate adsorption of metal, semiconductor, or carbon-based nanoparticles (e.g., nanospheres, nanorods, nanotubes or graphene sheets) typically onto a bulk carbon or gold electrode.…”