Electrochemical Micro-Immunosensor of Cubic AuPt Dendritic Nanocrystals/Ti3C2-MXenes for Exosomes Detection

Abstract

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that exist in body circulation as intercellular message transmitters. Although the potential of tumor-derived exosomes for non-invasive cancer diagnosis is promising, the rapid detection and effective capture of exosomes remains challenging. Herein, a portable electrochemical aptasensor of cubic AuPt dendritic nanocrystals (AuPt DNs)/Ti3C2 assisted in signal amplification, and aptamer CD63 modified graphene oxide (GO) was immobilized on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) as the substrate materials for the direct capture and detection of colorectal carcinoma exosomes. Cubic AuPt DNs/Ti3C2 was synthesized according to a simple hydrothermal procedure, and the AuPt DNs/Ti3C2-Apt hybrid demonstrated an efficient recognition of exosomes. Under optimal conditions, a detection limit of down to 20 exosomes µL−1 was achieved with the linear range from 100 exosomes μL−1 to 5.0 × 105 exosomes μL−1. The proposed immunosensor could be suitable for the analysis of exosomes and has clinical value in the early diagnosis of cancer.

Recent advances using MXenes in biomedical applications

“…195 Electrochemical sensors for microorganisms using MXene-based nanomaterials are summarized in Table 4. Exosomes, [196][197][198][199] bacteria, [200][201][202][203][204][205] viruses, 149,[206][207][208][209] and even cancer cells 114,171 can be measured through appropriate surface modification of electrodes. The lowest sensing range is about 10 particles per mL.…”

Nanoarchitectonics-based electrochemical aptasensors for highly efficient exosome detection

“…(b) An electrochemical immunosensor for the efficient detection of colorectal cancer-derived exosomes. Reproduced by permission from [ 182 ], copyright [2023, Micromachines]. (c) Sandwich electrochemical aptasensor for PD-L1+ exosome analysis.…”

“…The cubic structured AuPt DNs/Ti 3 C 2 -aptamer hybridized nanostructure exhibited efficient recognition of exosomes with a detection limit down to 20 particles/µL. This proposed electrochemical biosensor holds clinical value for early cancer detection [ 182 ]. Detection of PD-L1+ exosomes necessitates an extremely sensitive detection technique.…”