Electrochemical investigation of the anodic corrosion of Pb–Ca–Sn–Li grid alloy in H2SO4 solution

The influence of alloying elements on the electrochemistry of lead anodes for electrowinning of metals: A review

“…The growth of PbO 2 on the surface of the anode is a positive development as this conductive oxide prevents over-oxidation of the anode (Prengaman, 1984a) and dissolution of the anode (Shervedani et al, 2007). The formation of this oxide layer is important as it passivates the Pb anode from attack .…”

“…This is due to the excellent strength and creep resistance of PbSb (Shervedani et al, 2007). Sb must be added in relatively high amounts for it to have any marked effect on the mechanical properties-however this is possible since Sb displays solid solubility in Pb.…”

“…This has potential to be a favourable additive, however there are problems relating to alloying and homogeneity. PbCaSn with Li (Shervedani et al, 2007) The Li additive reduces the rate of corrosion and prevents growth of the anodic Pb 2+ film. PbAgCaSr (Zhong et al, 2008b) Possible application was electrowinning of Zn but did not rate well in terms of operating potential and corrosion (relative to PbAg).…”

“…Ce promotes a fine crystal grain structure (Liu et al, 2001;Shervedani et al, 2007). When added to PbCaSn alloys Ce may offer improved hardness, mechanical strength and possibly corrosion resistance by preventing growth of the anodic Pb(II) or PbO 2 film (Liu et al, 2001).…”

“…Li, when added to PbCaSn reduces corrosion and prevents the growth of the surface oxide layer. Li improves the crystal grain structure without decreasing the hydrogen overpotential (Liu et al, 2001;Shervedani et al, 2007).…”