Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy on 2D Nanomaterial MXene Modified Interfaces: Application as a Characterization and Transducing Tool

Abstract

This review presents the basic characteristics of MXene, a novel 2D nanomaterial with many outstanding properties applicable to electrochemical sensing and biosensing. The second part deals with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and its beneficial features applicable to ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing and label-free biosensing. The main part of the review presents recent advances in the integration of MXene to design electrochemical interfaces. EIS was used to evaluate the effect of anodic potential on MXene and the effect of the MXene preparation route and for characterization of MXene grafted with polymers. It also included the application of EIS as the main transducing tool for antibody- and aptamer-based biosensors or biosensors integrating molecularly imprinted polymers.

Reducing the resistance for the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis in materials chemistry

“…15 The correlation between the used circuit model and the EIS data was previously discussed elsewhere. 46 The "Randles equivalent circuit model" is a model commonly applied to many conductive surfaces (Fig. 3).…”

“… 15 The correlation between the used circuit model and the EIS data was previously discussed elsewhere. 46 …”

Functionalized Germanene-Based Nanomaterials for the Detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

“…After which, a calibration study involving different concentrations of the wild-type targets was carried out in the range of 1 × 10 −12 to 5 × 10 −7 M with Ge−H, where the electrochemical biosensor response was monitored with EIS. As revealed in Figure 8A, the %R ct variation showcased a good linear relationship with the logarithm of the wild-type target concentration from 1 × 10 −12 to 1 × 10 −8 M, which started to the plateau beyond 1 × 10 −8 M. While other previously reported 2D nanomaterials-based impedimetric biosensors offer limits of detection in the nanomolar range, 53,54 the detection limit in this work is approximately 34 pM, obtained by considering 3 times the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. As a result, this highlights the ability of germanene-based biosensors to provide a superior performance in terms of limits of detection as opposed to other 2D nanomaterial-based impedimetric biosensors.…”

Investigations of 2D Ti 3 C 2 ( MXene )‐ CoCr 2 O 4 nanocomposite as an efficient electrode material for electrochemical supercapacitors

“…Three electrode configuration of Gamry potentiostat interface 1000 with Ag/AgCl as reference electrode, platinum wire as counter electrode ang GCE (glassy carbon electrode) as a working electrode are utilized for electrochemical analysis of MXene/CoCr 2 O 4 nanomaterial using EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) analysis 75 . In order to evaluate electron‐transfer rate constant of as prepared electrodes, equation k app = RT/F 2 .R ct .C was used 76‐78 . Using modified glassy carbon electrode, Nyquist plot for MXene/CoCr 2 O 4 nanomaterial based electrode is shown in Figure 6 whereas related EIS parameters are mentioned in Table 2.…”

“…75 In order to evaluate electron-transfer rate constant of as prepared equation k app = RT/F 2 .R ct .C was used. [76][77][78] Using modified glassy carbon electrode, Nyquist plot for MXene/CoCr 2 O 4 nanomaterial based electrode is shown in Figure 6 whereas related EIS parameters are mentioned in Table 2. Results indicates improvement in conductivity with 1 M KOH as compared to 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 .…”