“…Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has been regarded as an efficient and promising energy conversion device featuring fuel flexibility, high efficiency, and low emissions. − The traditional SOFCs are based on Y 2 O 3 stabilized ZrO 2 (YSZ) electrolyte material and typically operate at high temperatures (above 800 °C) resulting in several limitations, such as material incompatibility, long start-up time, high operation costs, difficult sealing, and poor operational stability. − The semiconductor ionic SOFCs can address these issues due to their unique characteristics, like lower operating temperatures (400–550 °C) and employing a wide range of electrolyte materials, including perovskites, fluorites, insulators, and semiconductor heterostructure materials. ,, In recent decades, efforts have been focused on semiconductor heterostructure electrolyte materials to mitigate those issues and facilitate the commercialization of low-temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFCs).…”