Electrochemical Immunosensors and Aptasensors

Ugo, Paolo; Moretto, Ligia Maria

doi:10.3390/chemosensors5020013

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The high specificity provided by antigen–antibody recognition has fueled the development of electrochemical immunosensors 80,81. As for enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors, considerable efforts have been invested into the integration of this class of sensors within microfluidic platforms.…”

Section: Electrochemical Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high specificity provided by antigen–antibody recognition has fueled the development of electrochemical immunosensors. , As for enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors, considerable efforts have been invested into the integration of this class of sensors within microfluidic platforms. Moreover, a large variety of functionalization strategies has been developed to ensure effective and reproducible antibody immobilization on the sensor electrode …”

Section: Electrochemical Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems

et al. 2018

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Technological advances in microfabrication techniques in combination with organotypic cell and tissue models have enabled the realization of microphysiological systems capable of recapitulating aspects of human physiology in vitro with great fidelity. Concurrently, a number of analysis techniques has been developed to probe and characterize these model systems. However, many assays are still performed off-line, which severely compromises the possibility of obtaining real-time information from the samples under examination, and which also limits the use of these platforms in high-throughput analysis. In this review, we focus on sensing and actuation schemes that have already been established or offer great potential to provide in situ detection or manipulation of relevant cell or tissue samples in microphysiological platforms. We will first describe methods that can be integrated in a straightforward way and that offer potential multiplexing and/or parallelization of sensing and actuation functions. These methods include electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical biosensors, and the use of surface acoustic waves for manipulation and analysis of cells, tissue, and multicellular organisms. In the second part, we will describe two sensor approaches based on surface-plasmon resonance and mechanical resonators that have recently provided new characterization features for biological samples, although technological limitations for use in high-throughput applications still exist.

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Section: Electrochemical Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrochemical Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems

et al. 2018

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“…Up to now, some analysis techniques have been used to detect MUC1, such as fluorescence, , electrochemiluminescence, , surface plasmon resonance (SPR), , surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and electrochemical techniques. − Particularly, the electrochemical detection techniques have attracted a lot of attention due to the simplicity of the equipment and high sensitivity. The electrochemical detection techniques can be classified into two main groups named electrochemical aptasensors and electrochemical immunosensors according to the identified elements of sensor substrates . Electrochemical aptasensors are very promising for the early determination of cancer as they are inexpensive, rapid, portable, direct, selective, and sensitive to their target. , Until now, several electrochemical aptasensors have been used for MUC1 assay.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electrochemical detection techniques can be classified into two main groups named electrochemical aptasensors and electrochemical immunosensors according to the identified elements of sensor substrates. 18 Electrochemical aptasensors are very promising for the early determination of cancer as they are inexpensive, rapid, portable, direct, selective, and sensitive to their target. 19,20 Until now, several electrochemical aptasensors have been used for MUC1 assay.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sandwich-Type Electrochemical Sensor for Mucin-1 Detection Based on a Cysteine–Histidine–Cu@Cuprous Oxide Nanozyme

Geng

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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The sensitive detection of biomarkers is crucial for the early identification and treatment of cancer. In this study, a cysteine–histidine–Cu-modified jujube-like Cu2O (CH-Cu@J-Cu2O) nanozyme was synthesized and used to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for mucin-1 (MUC1) sensitive detection. Gold-modified reduced graphene oxide and CH-Cu@J-Cu2O for the sensor were prepared and also characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The CH-Cu@J-Cu2O nanozyme was used as a signal probe, containing two catalytic units of cysteine–histidine–Cu and jujube-like Cu2O. The CH-Cu@J-Cu2O nanozyme can potently catalyze the H2O2-driven oxidation of dopamine to aminochrome, leading to a high-level electrochemical signal. This electrochemical sensor was used to detect MUC1 with a linear range from 0.5 to 5000 pg·mL–1, and the limit of detection was 0.085 pg·mL–1, owing to the excellent catalytic activity of CH-Cu@J-Cu2O. The expression of MUC1 on the surface of MCF-7 cells was further analyzed, and the results indicate that the proposed strategy is practical for the detection of biomarkers.

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“…Immunoassays are a principal analytical technique in bioanalysis constructed by the formation of an immunocomplex between an antigen and antibody, which uses different labels like radioactive isotopes, enzymes, and fluorophores for signal development. − Currently, these molecular labels are gradually being replaced by functional composite nanomaterials since they have tremendous optical and catalytic properties or biological activities and enhanced chemical stability. − Numerous nanomaterial-based immunoassays have been developed for the detection of various biological and chemical targets such as cells, proteins, pathogens, and small molecular toxins. − Presently, according to the labels used, immunoassays are of several types, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), ,, radioimmunoassay (RIA), , electrophoretic immunoassay (EIA), − colorimetric immunoassay, , fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), , chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), , electrochemical immunoassay (ECIA), − and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). − Among them, ECLIA has been paid excited attention in clinical practice due to its high sensitivity, specificity, easy operation, and low background signal, and it does not require any radioactive materials. − For instance, ECLIA has been successfully applied to detect various targets in 50–150 μL of serum sample with the limit of detection (LOD) up to picomolar concentration. − Though, the concentration of some target analytes associated with early cancer or infectious diseases found in the blood serum and plasma samples of patients is <10 –15 mol/L. , Thus, the development of an ultrasensitive ECLIA for the selective detection of trace biological analytes in real samples is highly challenging.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Faraday-Cage-Type Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay: A Rise of Advanced Biosensing Strategy

Kannan

Chen

et al. 2019

Anal. Chem.

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Electrochemiluminescence immunoassays are usually carried out through "on-electrode" strategy, i.e., sandwich-type immunoassay format, the sensitivity of which is restricted by two key bottlenecks: (1) the number of signal labels is limited and (2) only a part of signal labels could participate in the electrode reaction. In this Perspective, we discuss the development of an "in-electrode" Faraday-cagetype concept-based immunocomplex immobilization strategy. The biggest difference from the traditional sandwich-type one is that the designed "in-electrode" Faraday-cage-type immunoassay uses a conductive two-dimensional (2-D) nanomaterial simultaneously coated with signal labels and a recognition component as the detection unit, which could directly overlap on the electrode surface. In such a case, electrons could flow freely from the electrode to the detection unit, the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP) of the electrode is extended, and thousands of signal labels coated on the 2-D nanomaterial are all electrochemically "effective." Thus, then, the above-mentioned bottlenecks obstructing the improvement of the sensitivity in sandwich-type immunoassay are eliminated, and as a result a much higher sensitivity of the Faraday-cage-type immunoassay can be obtained. And, the applications of the proposed versatile "in-electrode" Faraday-cage-type immunoassay have been explored in the detection of target polypeptide, protein, pathogen, and microRNA, with the detection sensitivity improved tens to hundreds of times. Finally, the outlook and challenges in the field are summarized. The rise of Faraday-cage-type electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (FCT-ECLIA)-based biosensing strategies opens new horizons for a wide range of early clinical identification and diagnostic applications.

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Electrochemical Immunosensors and Aptasensors

Abstract: Since the first electrochemical biosensor for glucose detection, pioneered in 1962 by Clark and Lyons [1], research and application in the field has grown at an impressive rate and we are still witnessing a continuing evolution of research on this topic [2].[...]

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems

Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems

Sandwich-Type Electrochemical Sensor for Mucin-1 Detection Based on a Cysteine–Histidine–Cu@Cuprous Oxide Nanozyme

Faraday-Cage-Type Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay: A Rise of Advanced Biosensing Strategy

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