Electrochemical generation of microbubbles by carbon nanotube interdigital electrodes to increase the permeability and material uptakes of cancer cells

Abstract

Artificial cavitation as a prerequisite of sonoporation, plays an important role on the ultrasound (US) assisted drug delivery systems. In this study, we have proposed a new method of microbubble (MB) generation by local electrolysis of the medium. An integrated interdigital array of three-electrode system was designed and patterned on a nickel-coated quartz substrate and then, a short DC electrical pulse was applied that consequently resulted in distributed generation of microbubbles at the periphery of the electrodes. Growth of the carbon nanotube (CNT) nanostructures on the surface of the electrodes approximately increased the number of generated microbubbles up to 7-fold and decreased their average size from ∼20 µm for bare to ∼7 µm for CNT electrodes. After optimizing the three-electrode system, biocompatibility assays of the CNT electrodes stimulated by DC electrical micropulses were conducted. Finally, the effect of the proposed method on the sonoporation efficiency and drug uptake of breast cells were assessed using cell cycle and Annexin V/PI flow cytometry analysis. These results show the potential of electrochemical generation of MBs by CNT electrodes as an easy, available and promising technique for artificial cavitation and ultrasound assisted drug delivery.

Presentation of Novel Architecture for Diagnosis and Identifying Breast Cancer Location Based on Ultrasound Images Using Machine Learning

“…Nourbakhsh et al demonstrated the effect of MDSC in autoimmune and its therapeutic application [37]. Khayamian et al investigated the increase in cancer cell permeability and material absorption [38]. It demonstrates the benefit of our technique in offering a valuable tool for breast cancer multi-classification in healthcare situations while reducing the expense of complex annotation [39].…”

Healing Field: Using Alternating Electric Fields to Prevent Cytokine Storm by Suppressing Clonal Expansion of the Activated Lymphocytes in the Blood Sample of the COVID-19 Patients

“…CD8 and CD19 expression in PBMCs was assessed using inverted fluorescence microscopy. As previously reported by our group ( Ansaryan et al, 2019 ; Khayamian et al, 2019 ), the PBMCs were first fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde for 15 min and permeabilized with Triton X-100 in PBS for 5–10 min (with a concentration of 1%) at room temperature. The cells were then washed with PBS and then treated with a blocking buffer (1% BSA in PBS) for 40 min at room temperature.…”

A label-free graphene-based impedimetric biosensor for real-time tracing of the cytokine storm in blood serum; suitable for screening COVID-19 patients

“…3.2 EIS analysis of the cytokine storm in the patient samples 3.2.1 Device characterization and molecular dynamics simulation. In order to test the blood serum, three prevalent types of electrode materials [51][52][53][54][55] including gold (Au), carbon and graphene were candidates for EIS analysis. Adhesion and spread of the serum on the selected substrates were evaluated by the contact angle method.…”