Electrochemical fluidic fused filament fabricated devices (eF4D): In-channel electrode activation

Hernández-Rodríguez, Juan F.; Rojas, Daniel; Escarpa, Alberto

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2023.134290

Cited by 1 publication

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Device Design. The h-eF 4 Ds were designed using Fusion 360 (Student License, Autodesk, United States) like our previous work 16 but with slight modifications. The dimensions of the grooves for stencil printing the electrodes width, length, and thickness were 2 × 2 × 0.4 mm (width × length × height) with a 5 mm pitch separation.…”

Section: Materials and Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first step (Figure 1i) is to print the base layer of the device comprising nonconductive filament (PETg) to seal the bottom part of the devices and then PLA-CB-based conductive tracks (Figure 1ii). At this point, the fabrication can be either automatically continued to obtain eF 4 Ds based exclusively on PLA-CB electrodes (red panel) 16 or strategically paused to make operations on the PLA-CB electrodes (green panel). This pause enabled us to perform stencil printing, drop casting, electrodeposition, and biofunctionalization before closing the channels.…”

Section: Dimensional Accuracy Of the Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conductive filaments are composites made of a thermoplastic matrix, especially PLA, doped with carbon materials such as graphene (PLA-G), 12,13 carbon nanotubes (PLA-CNT), 14,15 or carbon black (PLA-CB). 8,16 However, those conductive filaments are not intended to produce ready-to-use electrochemical sensors but rather conductive tracks for low-voltage circuitry 17,18 or conductivity sensing. 14,15 To use these filaments for chemical sensing applications, they need to be activated to remove thermoplastic from the surface and overexpose the conductive material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additive manufacturing is a set of fabrication technologies that are revolutionizing the traditional microfluidics fabrication workflow and bringing unprecedented freedom and complexity of design. − In particular, for electroanalytical devices, it is becoming popular to employ multimaterial fusion filament fabrication (FFF) to construct electrochemical sensing devices. − To that end, one nozzle prints a regular nonconductive thermoplastic, while the other nozzle is loaded with a conductive filament. Conductive filaments are composites made of a thermoplastic matrix, especially PLA, doped with carbon materials such as graphene (PLA-G), , carbon nanotubes (PLA-CNT), , or carbon black (PLA-CB). , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Print–Pause–Print Fabrication of Tailored Electrochemical Microfluidic Devices

Hernández-Rodríguez,

Rojas,

Escarpa

2023

Anal. Chem.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has emerged as a powerful technology for the fabrication of low-cost microfluidics. Nevertheless, the fabrication of microfluidic devices integrating high-performance electrochemical sensors in practical applications is still an open challenge. Although automatic fabrication of the microfluidic device and the electrodes can be successfully carried out using a one-step multimaterial fused filament fabrication (FFF) approach, the as-printed electrochemical performance of these electrodes is not good enough for chemical (bio)sensing and their surface modification is challenging because after closing the channel there is no physical access to the electrode. Thus, here a pause–print–pause (PPP) microfabrication approach was implemented. The fabrication was paused before printing the microfluidics, and the filament-based electrodes were directly modified on the printing bed via stencil printing, drop casting, and electrodeposition. To exemplify this versatile workflow, the design of a microfluidic glucose sensor was proposed. To this end, first, the working and counter electrodes were stencil printed with graphite ink while the reference electrode was stencil printed with Ag|AgCl ink. Then, Prussian blue was formed on the working electrode either by drop casting or by electrodeposition, and glucose oxidase was drop cast on top. At this point, the microfabrication process was resumed, and the microfluidics were printed on top of the modified electrodes to complete the construction of hybrid electrochemical fluidic fused filament fabricated devices (h-eF 4 Ds). This print–pause–print approach is not limited to ink-based electrodes or glucose oxidase, and we envisage these results will pave the way for the effective integration of electrodes in microfluidic devices in a simple and clean-room-free approach, allowing the development of highly customized eF 4 Ds for a plethora of analytes with high significance.

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Section: Materials and Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dimensional Accuracy Of the Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%