Electrochemical engineering approach to the irrigation of tooth canals under the influence of a vibrating file

Irrigant flow within a prepared root canal using various flow rates: a Computational Fluid Dynamics study

“…Moreover, it was verified that flow rate of the irrigant poses a significant effect on irrigant replacement throughout the canal (Nanzer et al 1989). Results of the present study confirmed that irrigant flow rate significantly influences the flow pattern within the root canal.…”

Measurement of pressure and flow rates during irrigation of a root canal ex vivo with three endodontic needles

“…2004, Sedgley et al. 2005), although flow rate is considered a highly significant factor determining flow pattern in fluid dynamics (Tilton 1999) and has been shown to influence the replacement of the irrigant in certain parts of the root canal (Nanzer et al. 1989).…”

“…1365-2591.2007.01244.x system of delivery, the depth of placement, and the volume and fluid properties of the irrigant (Kahn et al 1995, Lee et al 2004, Gulabivala et al 2005. Irrigant flow rate is rarely mentioned as a factor contributing to irrigation effectiveness (Williams et al 1995) and standardized in research papers (Brown & Doran 1975, Ram 1977, Moser & Heuer 1982, Chow 1983, Meyer et al 1991, Lee et al 2004, Sedgley et al 2005, although flow rate is considered a highly significant factor determining flow pattern in fluid dynamics (Tilton 1999) and has been shown to influence the replacement of the irrigant in certain parts of the root canal (Nanzer et al 1989).…”

Disinfection of the Root Canal System by Sonic, Ultrasonic, and Laser Activated Irrigation

“…Neither sonic nor ultrasonic activation introduces a large fluid velocity into the apical direction (42), making extrusion of the irrigant unlikely. On the other hand, it necessitates the placement of these files near the apex.…”

“…Extensions of the main root canal, such as lateral canals, ramifications in the apical delta, isthmuses, and dentinal tubules are generally difficult to clean, because the irrigant does not easily penetrate those regions (42,80,81). Irrigation systems producing an irrigant flow parallel to the root canal wall, such as syringe and negative pressure systems, only generate convection into the lateral canal within a distance twice the diameter of its entrance (Figure 11.8).…”