“…1365-2591.2007.01244.x system of delivery, the depth of placement, and the volume and fluid properties of the irrigant (Kahn et al 1995, Lee et al 2004, Gulabivala et al 2005. Irrigant flow rate is rarely mentioned as a factor contributing to irrigation effectiveness (Williams et al 1995) and standardized in research papers (Brown & Doran 1975, Ram 1977, Moser & Heuer 1982, Chow 1983, Meyer et al 1991, Lee et al 2004, Sedgley et al 2005, although flow rate is considered a highly significant factor determining flow pattern in fluid dynamics (Tilton 1999) and has been shown to influence the replacement of the irrigant in certain parts of the root canal (Nanzer et al 1989).…”