“…Nonetheless, there is a tradeoff between simplicity and reproducibility for these surface modification techniques. 127,128 Some commonly used materials for ME surface modifications over 2013-2018 include Pt black (PtBK), 82,86,94 polymers, 129 carbon nanotubes, 84 polyelectrolytes, 130 Nafion, 131 Prussian blue, 83,132 chitosan, 78 enzymes, 62,76,133,134 aptamers, 135 self-assembled monolayers (i.e. cystamines), 44 nucleic acids, 136 collagen 58 and nanoparticles.…”