Review—Microelectrodes: An Overview of Probe Development and Bioelectrochemistry Applications from 2013 to 2018

Abstract

Microelectrodes are small scale electrodes used for electroanalytical detection which have found applications in a wide variety of research areas including biology, kinetics, instrumental development, and surface modification. In this review, we provide a summary of the theory and experimental parameters used for bioelectrochemistry applications of microelectrodes. We then delve into a review of select bio-analytical applications of microelectrodes from 2013 to 2018 and provide a discussion on future research directions.

Micro-band Boron-doped Diamond Electrode in Capillary Electrophoresis for Simultaneous Detection of AMP, ADP, and ATP

“…The sensitivity of the microelectrode can be explained by the diffusion processes that occur from the bulk solution to the electrode surface. The macroelectrode has linear diffusion, while the microelectrode has radial diffusion (Moussa and Mauzeroll, 2019). With the macroelectrode, the current decreases over time because of its linear diffusion process.…”

“…As a result, the steady-state condition becomes more difficult to achieve. On the other hand, with a microelectrode, since the diffusion layer moves outward toward the bulk solution and enlarges the area of the diffusion layer boundary, the rate and flux of the current generated by the electrode increases drastically (Moussa and Mauzeroll, 2019). Thus, it can be concluded that the microelectrode is much more sensitive than the macroelectrode.…”

Critical assessment of relevant methods in the field of biosensors with direct optical detection based on fibers and waveguides using plasmonic, resonance, and interference effects

“…Applications of DNA-based electrochemical sensors are numerous [89]. Recently the literature on bioanalytics using microelectrodes has been reviewed [90]. A smart and interesting combination of electrochemistry and chemiluminescence results in many advantages such as remarkably lower limits of detection, higher sensitivity, and a wide dynamic range.…”

Effect of Annealing Temperature for Ni/AlOx/Pt RRAM Devices Fabricated with Solution-Based Dielectric

“…Among these materials, AlO x has been widely applied in gate insulator layers [15,16,17,18] and has attracted extensive attention in the RRAM field owing to its wide band gap (~8.9 eV), high thermal stability with Si and Pt, high dielectric constant (~8) and large breakdown electric field [10,14,19,20,21,22] as Kim et al has reported [19,20,23,24,25,26]. In addition, the superior elasticity [27] and high toughness [28] make it possible for AlO x to be applied under various conditions including vibration and pressure environments [29,30,31]. Cano et al reported that AlO x -based dielectric layer showed superior stability under environments with hydrofluoric acid pressure [29] and Choi et al reported large-scale flexible electronics application with AlO x thin film [31], which have demonstrated that the AlO x thin film has great potential as a metal oxide layer in RRAM devices.…”

“…Methods based on solution processes for metal oxide thin films have been extensively considered, namely spin [32,33,34] and dip coating [35,36,37], drop casting [34,36,37,38] and different printing methods. Compared with traditional fabrication methods such as atomic-layer-deposition (ALD) [17,39,40] and magnetron sputtering [28,40,41], the solution-based method has advantages of low fabrication cost with the elimination of vacuum deposition processes [42], ease of preparation for precursor materials [39,43,44] and high efficiency of device throughput [27], which reveals the promising prospect of solution-based methods in RS layer fabrication. Several factors including plasma cleaning time, deposition gaseous environment and annealing temperature are considered to influence the performance of solution-based metal oxide thin films.…”