Electrochemical detection of nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiols in biological systems: Past, present & future

Abstract

Electrochemical detection of nitric oxide using different electrode materials and strategies exploded after the discovery of nitric oxide as important biological messenger. S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs), which result from interaction of NO with peptides and proteins, were shown to be important pools of NO that interfere in different physiological and pathological conditions. This lead to development of several decomposition methods to detect RSNOs electrochemically. This minireview summarizes the beginning and the current investigations in electrochemical methods to detect NO and RSNOs. Indeed, it describes the latest trends to detect NO and RSNO using microfluidic technologies coupled to electrochemistry and discuss the future of NO and RSNOs detection.

Quantitative determination of nitric oxide from tissue samples using liquid chromatography—Mass spectrometry

“…Another class of NO detection methods utilizes amperometric microelectrodes [15 , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] . This method has extremely high spatial and temporal precision.…”

“…This method has extremely high spatial and temporal precision. Over the past few years, it has also seen significant improvements in its sensitivity and specificity [21] . Currently, it is capable of detector nanomolar changes in NO concentration over milliseconds.…”

Micro- and nano-devices for electrochemical sensing

“…A key advantage of miniaturized amperometric sensors is the facile integration with a microfluidic platform, allowing to miniaturize the sample volume and to simplify handling due to the elimination of mechanical convection. These aspects are particularly convenient when analyzing reactive molecules and free radicals, such as NO, characterized by a fleeting existence and extremely low concentrations in biological fluids [ 65 ]. To this regard, a microfluidic, xerogel-modified Pt microelectrode was realized allowing selective amperometric detection of NO in simulated wound fluid and whole blood for monitoring inflammatory responses to infections [ 66 ].…”

Nitric oxide detection methods in vitro and in vivo

“… Note: (A) Clark’s type electrode, (B) whole solid type electrode, (C) composite electrode. Adapted from Bedioui et al 74 …”