Electrochemical Characterization of and Stripping Voltammetry at Screen Printed Electrodes Modified with Different Brands of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes and Bismuth Films

Electrochemical Preparation of Bismuth Nanowires Using Ion-Etched Porous Polycarbonate Membrane

“…Bismuth forms low-temperature alloys with heavy metals to enable preconcentrating and offers a wide negative potential window, high hydrogen overpotential, and as such, is studied for the preparation of different types of electrodes for the determination of heavy metals. [1][2][3] Different types of bismuth deposits, which are used as electrodes, have been reported in the literature, such as bismuth film electrodes, [4][5][6][7][8] bismuth particles, 3,[9][10][11][12] bismuth bulk electrodes, 13 bismuth oxide electrodes 14 . These deposits were prepared by different methods like electrodeposition of bismuth from acidic solutions of Bi(III)-salts, by evaporation, or modification of the Bielectrode with different molecules.…”

Monolayer graphene/SiC Schottky barrier diodes with improved barrier height uniformity as a sensing platform for the detection of heavy metals

“…ASV uses carbon, mercury and bismuth electrodes (and others) and is a well-known method for the identification of heavy metals [8–13]. Nevertheless, this technique has some disadvantages, which are related to (1) the failure to detect Hg, Ag, Au and metals not forming amalgams (in the case of using a mercury electrode) [8]; (2) extensive analysis time and the required skills of the operating staff; (3) the observation of interferences and additional ASV peak potentials originating from background contamination and overlapping potentials of the involved HMs [8–10]; (4) the toxicity of conventional mercury drop electrodes [11]; (5) the difficulty to determine the concentration of individual heavy metals in simultaneous presence of other heavy metals [8]; 6) passivation of the electrodes due to adsorption of different non-metallic substances [9]; (7) poor reproducibility due to the formation of intermetallic compounds; (8) hydrolysis at the electrode [12].…”

“…Furthermore, an additional drawback of this technique is that most of the metallic and carbon-based electrodes are characterized by a narrow negative potential window, which is not sufficient to detect the metals with high values of the electronegativity [12]. To solve these problems and to improve the sensing characteristics one need to chemically modify the surface of the electrodes (surface functionalization) [8,13], which will complicate the fabrication of the sensors and reduces the reproducibility.…”

Isophtalic acid terminated graphene oxide modified glassy carbon nanosensor electrode: Cd2+and Bi3+analysis in tap water and milk samples

“…They reported the limit of detection as 1.5 nM for Cd 2+ with a 120 s deposition time. [14] Afkhami et al investigated a new highly sensitive simultaneous nanosensor for Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ by using square wave voltammetry (SWV) with MWCNT and a schiff base modified carbon paste electrode. They found the limit of detection as 0.74 ppb for Cd 2+.…”