Electrochemical behavior of an interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel composed of poly(propylene glycol) and poly(acrylic acid)

Kim, Seon Jeong; Lee, Ki Jung; Kim, Sun I.; Lee, Young Moo; Chung, Taemoon; Lee, Sang Hoon

doi:10.1002/app.12327

Cited by 38 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…As observed from Fig. 2, the simulated value of the bending angle departs slightly from the experimental data of Kim et al (2003) at pH values lower than 3 and higher than 10. It has been noted that the mechanical properties of hydrogels change with the environmental conditions, as well as the nature of mechanical test.…”

Section: Validation Of the Mecph Model With Experimental Datacontrasting

confidence: 58%

“…To validate the present MECpH model, numerical results were generated and compared with the experimental data reported by Kim et al (2003Kim et al ( , 2004. In these experiments, the material considered was the interpenetrating polymeric networks (IPNs) hydrogel, composed of polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA).…”

Section: Validation Of the Mecph Model With Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this slight mismatch of the swelling ratio in the transition phase is acceptable as the measured swelling is also highly dependent on various experimental conditions. For the analysis of the bending mechanism, Kim et al (2003) conducted an experiment, in which one end of the hydrogel strip was fixed and placed between two electrodes. When a constant voltage of 15 V is applied across the hydrogel, the gel starts to bend towards the negative electrode.…”

Section: Validation Of the Mecph Model With Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Computational analysis of smart soft hydrogels subjected to pH-electrical coupled stimuli: Effects of initial geometry

Yew

2010

International Journal of Solids and Structures

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a b s t r a c tA chemo-electro-mechanical formulation, referred to as the multi-effect-coupling pH-stimulus (MECpH) model, is presented in this paper for the analysis of the effects of the initial geometrical size on the responsive behavior of pH-sensitive hydrogels subject to the coupled stimuli of environmental solution pH and externally applied electric voltage. The model is composed of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations, and it accounts for the diffusion of ionic species, distributive electric potential and large mechanical deformation. In addition, the correlation between the diffusive hydrogen ion within the hydrogel and charge groups fixed to the polymeric network chains is incorporated quantitatively into this MECpH model. For the simulation of the response characteristics of the smart hydrogel, we solve the onedimensional steady-state problem using the Hermite-Cloud meshless technique. For the MECpH model, the present numerical simulations were compared with experimental data available from literature to validate the accuracy and robustness of the model, and good agreement was observed. Several parameter studies were then carried out in the analysis of the hydrogel swelling when immersed in solution, and it was observed that the initial geometrical size has significant influence on the volume variations of these pH-responsive hydrogels.

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Section: Validation Of the Mecph Model With Experimental Datacontrasting

confidence: 58%

Section: Validation Of the Mecph Model With Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Validation Of the Mecph Model With Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Computational analysis of smart soft hydrogels subjected to pH-electrical coupled stimuli: Effects of initial geometry

Yew

2010

International Journal of Solids and Structures

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“…The osmotic pressure is then caused by the ion concentration difference. Due to the negative fixed charge groups within the hydrogel, more cations Na + diffuse into the hydrogel, compared with the anions Cl − , and move toward the negative electrode [1,8,11]. With the unequal ionic concentration differences, the osmotic pressure increases at the interface near the positive electrode more than that at the interface near the negative electrode, and thus the swelling of hydrogel near the positive electrode is greater than that near the negative electrode.…”

Section: Validation Of the Mecphe Modelmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The environmentally sensitive hydrogels can be prepared from polyelectrolyte gels with relatively high concentrations of ionizable groups fixed onto the polymeric crosslinked chains, which may exhibit pH-responsive characteristics and also respond to electric stimulus simultaneously [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Due to easy control and manipulation, electric field is an attractive example of the environmental stimulus to induce a volumetric change of the polyelectrolyte gel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Analysis of Influence of Ionic Strength on Smart Hydrogel Subject to Coupled pH-Electric Environmental Stimuli

Luo

et al. 2010

Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures

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In this paper, the equilibrium behavior of the smart hydrogels responding to the electric voltage and pH coupled stimuli is simulated by a chemo-electro-mechanical multi-field model, termed the multi-effect-coupling pH-electric-stimuli (MECpHe) model. It consists of coupled nonlinear partial differential governing equations, which reflect the effects of different chemo-electro-mechanical parameters including the solution pH, externally applied electric voltage and ionic strength on the swelling and bending of the pHelectric-sensitive hydrogels. A numerical comparison is made between the simulation and published experiments and very good agreement is achieved. The influences of ionic strength of surrounding solution on the distributions of electric potential, the fixed charge density, and the displacement and swelling ratio of the hydrogel strip are investigated in detail.

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Remotely Controlled Microscale 3D Self‐Assembly Using Microwave Energy

Liu

Schauff

Joung

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Technologies

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for self-assembly. The heat energy is usually applied from an external source, such as a hotplate [51] or hot liquid bath, [52][53][54][55] which requires direct contact with the heat source. Another way to induce changes in the physical/chemical property is to apply environmental (e.g., pH or ionic strinength) changes to solvent-sensitive hinge materials. [20,56,57] Physical/chemical reactions occur when solvents are in contact with the hinge materials, triggering the self-assembly. However, a major drawback of these assemblies is that the direct contact of heat energy sources or chemicals with the hinge materials critically limits its applications and reduces the manipulative capability of the selfassembly because the heat sources are not controllable, and the environment around the microstructures is not accessible in many practical situations. Moreover, direct heat energy sources, such as a hotplate or a hot liquid bath, usually have a high thermal mass, leading to a thermal lag (or time delay) from when the input energy is controlled to when the 2D structures begin to assemble. Thus, the assembling process cannot be precisely controlled using such methods.Recently, remote-controlled self-assembly has been developed using microwave energy to avoid direct contact between heat sources and structures and to achieve precise control of self-folding. [58] The microwave energy causes the temperature of the millimeter-scale hinge materials (i.e., graphene ink and metal nanoparticles) to increase and trigger self-folding. The remotely applied microwave energy leads to quickly and accurately controlled folding of polymer sheets, which are ideal for time sensitive applications and remotely controlled applications. However, the advanced self-assembly technique using microwave energy needs to be further investigated in order to create 3D self-assembled structures for various applications, including 3D sensors, carriers, and microbots. Also, the ability to build 3D structures on a microscale is necessary because microscale self-assembly allows for the realization of 3D structures that can be used for diverse 3D terahertz sensors [54] and biomedical devices designed for in vivo operation. [10][11][12]56,57] In addition, the development of complex 3D microstructures and microbots requires self-assembly having the ability to conduct different configurations (controllable multiple folding angles of each frame) simultaneously during a self-assembly process. Multiple configurations can be achieved under uniform stimulation by applying different hinge materials, [59] using angle-lock A novel, remotely controlled assembly process is developed to create microscale, self-assembled 3D structures using remote-controlled microwave energy. A nanometer thick chromium (Cr) film absorbs electromagnetic microwaves and generates heat energy, which induces reflow of polymeric hinges. This leads to self-assembly of microscale 3D cubic structures. Since this assembly process does not require direct contact with a heat source or chemicals, micro...

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Electrochemical behavior of an interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel composed of poly(propylene glycol) and poly(acrylic acid)

Cited by 38 publications

References 22 publications

Computational analysis of smart soft hydrogels subjected to pH-electrical coupled stimuli: Effects of initial geometry

Computational analysis of smart soft hydrogels subjected to pH-electrical coupled stimuli: Effects of initial geometry

Computational Analysis of Influence of Ionic Strength on Smart Hydrogel Subject to Coupled pH-Electric Environmental Stimuli

Remotely Controlled Microscale 3D Self‐Assembly Using Microwave Energy

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