Electrochemical Applications of Silica-Based Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Materials

Abstract

A comprehensive overview is presented on the implication of silica-based organic−inorganic hybrid materials in electrochemical science. It involves composite materials of both class I (weak bonds between the organic and inorganic components) and class II (strong chemical bonds). Starting with a description of the common designs of electrodes modified with these hybrids, the review then reports their applications in the various fields of electrochemistry, illustrating the diversity of the organically modified silicates used for this purpose. The mild chemical conditions allowed by the sol−gel process provide very versatile access to these electrochemical devices. They have found many applications in electroanalysis, including preconcentration associated with voltammetric detection, permselective coatings, electrochemical sensors, electrocatalysis, and detectors for chromatography. They were also applied as redox and conducting polymers, as solid polymer electrolytes for batteries, for the design of spectroelectrochemical and electro-chemiluminescence devices, and in the field of electrochemical biosensors.

Tobacco mosaic virus templated synthesis of one dimensional inorganic–polymer hybrid fibres

“…5c shows the LPG response (the typical I-t characteristics) of the TiO 2 -PTLF film exposed to LPG and air alternately at an applied potential of +5.0 V at room temperature. As the film was exposed to LPG, the forward current drastically decreased in comparison to that of air, which was similar to the result observed for NH 3 and CO gases. 39 The decrease in current was attributed to the absorption of gas on the surface of the film resulting in an increase in the resistance of PANi.…”

Enhancement of the Electrochemical Performance of SWCNT dispersed in a Silica Sol-gel Matrix by Reactive Insertion of a Conducting Polymer

“…The use of sol-gel chemistry to prepare inorganic and organic-inorganic composite materials has become a matter of interest [1,2]. From the analytical point of view, the sol-gel process provides a relatively simple way to encapsulate chemical species in a stable host matrix like silica [3].…”

Electrochemical Detection of Copper(II) at an Electrode Modified by a Carnosine–Silica Hybrid Material

“…They can be prepared either by post-synthesis grafting of an organic component on an assynthesized inorganic substrate [30], or by sol-gel chemistry from a mixture of metal alkoxides and organo-functional metal alkoxides, according to a ™hydrolysis À co-condensation∫ sequence [31]. Most works in this field have been performed on silica-based materials and organic-inorganic hybrids become increasingly popular in electro-chemistry [32,33]. Indeed, they combine the mechanical stability of the inorganic network with the intrinsic chemical reactivity of the attached organic functions, in addition to the possibility to prepare a wide range of materials with tailormade composition, structure and morphology, owing to the versatility of the sol-gel process.…”

“…Indeed, they combine the mechanical stability of the inorganic network with the intrinsic chemical reactivity of the attached organic functions, in addition to the possibility to prepare a wide range of materials with tailormade composition, structure and morphology, owing to the versatility of the sol-gel process. Actually, the exploitation of organically modified silicas in electroanalysis for the purpose of preconcentration analysis was essentially achieved with using grafted materials (see examples in [6,33]). Much less efforts were directed to the use of (yet more attractive) sol-gel-derived hybrids, and the only available reports are dealing with hybrid structures containing very simple ligands, such as sulfur or amine groups [34,35].…”