Electrochemical Applications of<i>in Situ</i>Scanning Probe Microscopy

Gewirth, Andrew A.; Niece, Brian K.

doi:10.1021/cr960067y

Cited by 442 publications

(288 citation statements)

References 311 publications

(532 reference statements)

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“…78,79 In such configuration, both the STM substrate and tip are fully controlled by the electrochemical potential versus a common reference electrode. Using in situ STM, reconstruction of metallic electrode surfaces at the solid/liquid interfaces under electrochemical potential control, 80 metal deposition, [81][82][83] anion adsorption 25,84,85 and organic molecule adsorption 82 have been characterized at atomic or/and molecular level. In situ STM has even been employed for nanofabrication of metallic nanoclusters or pits with precise positioning and designed patterns on the well defined surfaces.…”

Section: In Situ Scanning Tunnelling Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemically controlled self-assembled monolayers characterized with molecular and sub-molecular resolution

Zhang

Welinder

Chi

et al. 2011

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Self-assembled organization of functional molecules on solid surfaces has developed into a powerful and sophisticated tool for surface chemistry and nanotechnology. A number of reviews on the topic have been available since the mid 1990s. This perspective article aims to focus on recent development in the investigations of electronic structures and assembling dynamics of electrochemically controlled self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiol containing molecules on gold surfaces. A brief introduction is first given and particularly illustrated by a Table summarizing the molecules studied, the surface lattice structures and the experimental operating conditions. This is followed by discussion of two major high-resolution experimental methods, scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and single-crystal electrochemistry. In Section 3, we briefly address choice of supporting electrolytes and substrate surfaces, and their effects on the SAM structures. Section 4 constitutes the major body of the article by offering some details of recent studies for the selected cases, including in situ monitoring of assembling dynamics, molecular electronic structures, and the key external factors determining the SAM packing. In Section 5, we give examples of what can be offered by theoretical computations for the detailed understanding of the SAM electronic structures revealed by STM images. A brief summary of the current applications of SAMs in wiring metalloproteins, design and fabrication of sensors, and single-molecule electronics is described in Section 6. In the final two sections (7 and 8), we discuss the current status in understanding of electronic structures and properties of SAMs in electrochemical environments and what could be expected for future perspectives.

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Section: In Situ Scanning Tunnelling Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemically controlled self-assembled monolayers characterized with molecular and sub-molecular resolution

Zhang

Welinder

Chi

et al. 2011

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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“…Among the various SPM techniques, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) have been extraordinarily useful for obtaining images of the electrode surface directly, also under a controlled polarisation potential [14][15][16][17][18][19]. In particular, AFM and electrochemical AFM have been extensively used in the study of the polymer deposition process at varying the polymerisation conditions, such as type of substrate, solvent, supporting electrolyte, temperature, etc., as well as in the investigation of the polymerisation procedure [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ atomic force microscopy in the study of electrogeneration of polybithiophene on Pt electrode

Innocenti

Loglio

Pigani

et al. 2005

Electrochimica Acta

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Electrochemical AFM technique has been used for the in situ study of the electrogeneration-deposition process of polybithiophene at varying the polymerisation conditions, such as supporting electrolyte, i.e., LiClO 4 or tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, and polymerisation procedure, i.e., either potentiostatic or potentiodynamic method. In order to better follow the evolution of the morphology of the deposit, particularly during the early stages of the polymer film growth, a suitable home-made electrochemical cell has been used.

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“…STM is, in this respect, used for direct imaging of the density of states at surfaces with atomic resolution and to follow the dynamic of surface processes [3,4]. It was only a few years after this that STM could be performed on liquids and in electrochemical cells under potentiostatic or galvanostatic control [4][5][6] (Fig. 1a) and found applications in catalysis research [7], for electrodeposition studies of metals and conductive polymers [8], for investigation of morphology changes resulting from electrochemical treatment [9], and for corrosion studies [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1a) and found applications in catalysis research [7], for electrodeposition studies of metals and conductive polymers [8], for investigation of morphology changes resulting from electrochemical treatment [9], and for corrosion studies [9,10]. Practical details of how to perform EC-STM are extensively described in the literature, to which the reader is referred [4,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidimensional electrochemical imaging in materials science

2007

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In the past 20 years the characterization of electroactive surfaces and electrode reactions by scanning probe techniques has advanced significantly, benefiting from instrumental and methodological developments in the field. Electrochemical and electrical analysis instruments are attractive tools for identifying regions of different electrochemical properties and chemical reactivity and contribute to the advancement of molecular electronics. Besides their function as a surface analytical device, they have proved to be unique tools for local synthesis of polymers, metal depots, clusters, etc. This review will focus primarily on progress made by use of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), conductive AFM (C-AFM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and surface potential measurements, for example Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM), for multidimensional imaging of potential-dependent processes on metals and electrified surfaces modified with polymers and self assembled monolayers.

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Electrochemical Applications ofin SituScanning Probe Microscopy

Cited by 442 publications

References 311 publications

Electrochemically controlled self-assembled monolayers characterized with molecular and sub-molecular resolution

Electrochemically controlled self-assembled monolayers characterized with molecular and sub-molecular resolution

In situ atomic force microscopy in the study of electrogeneration of polybithiophene on Pt electrode

Multidimensional electrochemical imaging in materials science

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