Electrochemical analysis of some phenothiazine derivatives — I. Chlorpromazine HCl

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes with immobilised cobalt nanoparticle for modification of glassy carbon electrode: Application to sensitive voltammetric determination of thioridazine

“…In comparison to the previous works (Bįryol and Dermįş , 1998;Ferancová et al, 2000;MielechŁukasiewicz et al, 2008), the conditions used for the determination of TR in this paper were very close to the human physiological conditions. Wide linear dynamic range (more than two orders of magnitude), very low detection limit of 5 × 10 −8 M, high sensitivity, very good repeatability and reproducibility together with the simple procedure for the surface modification and determination can be presented as analytical advantages of the prepared sensor in this work.…”

“…The results of recovery evaluations showed an average recovery of 100.4% for TR added to the serum samples. The results show that the modified electrode yielded a better recovery and high sensitivity in comparison to other reported voltammetric determination methods (Bįryol and Dermįş , 1998;Mielech-Łukasiewicz et al, 2008) and could be efficiently used for the determination of TR in biological and pharmaceutical samples. One of the most remarkable advantages of the prepared modified electrode is that the sulfhydryl compounds (e.g., cysteine, penicillamine and glutathione) did not show any electrochemical reactivity on the surface of CoNPs/MWCNT/GCE, which improves the selectivity and accuracy of the measurements in clinical samples.…”

“…In comparison to the above mentioned methods, the electroanalytical procedures show some remarkable advantages, e.g., simplicity in practice, high sensitivity, very low detection limit, reasonable selectivity, low cast and rapid response toward TR. Differential pulse voltammetric determination of TR on the surface of GCE in highly acidic conditions (0.2 M H 2 SO 4 , as supporting electrolyte) has shown a linear range of 1 × 10 −4 to 1 × 10 −3 M with a calibration sensitivity of 1.02 × 10 5 A/M for TR (Bįryol and Dermįş , 1998). Square wave voltammetry has been used for the determination of TR on the surface of GCE.…”

Short-Term Chronoamperometric Screening of Chlorpromazine-Package Interactions

“…This antipsychotic drug has been reported to sorb to various plastic materials but not to glass 13,14 and has been extensively studied electrochemically. [15][16][17] Also, the equilibrium 7 and dynamic 11 sorption properties of CPZ have been investigated.…”

A Novel Spectrophotometric Determination of Some Phenothiazines Involving Iodine monochloride from Chloramine‐T with Iodine

“…Phenothiazines in chemical analysis act as electron donors and, normally being oxidized to radical cations and thiazones [6], would provide a convenient basis for their kinetic and spectrophotometric studies in neutral and acidic media of organic solvent systems, involving Ce(IV) and Fe(III) as oxidants [7]. Considering the importance of phenothiazines in the pharmaceutical industry coupled with their interesting redox behavior, several analytical methods have been proposed for their determination which include titrimetry [8], thermometry [9], potentiometry [10], conductometry [11], chromatography [12Ϫ14], HPLC [15], capillary electrophoresis [16], polarography [17], photometry [18], Raman spectrometry [19], fluorimetry [20], flow injec-It appears from the literature that the spectrophotometry [24Ϫ28] is the most extensively employed method for the determination of phenothiazines, involving either solvent extraction as ion in association with bromophenol blue [29], eriochrome black-T [30], or redox reactions with a variety of oxidants; to name a few potassium periodate [31], tungstic acid [32], cobalt nitrite [33], potassium bromate [34], hydrogen peroxide [35], and iodic acid [36]. There are quite a good number of reviews on the determination of phenothiazines [37Ϫ39], and more methods seem to follow [40Ϫ42].…”