Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) for Disinfecting Water—Fresh Perspectives

Abstract

During recent decades, study endeavors have been performed at elaborating more efficient techniques for handling waters carrying pathogens. Among such methods, the famous electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have induced augmenting attention. Such methods are founded on electrochemically producing powerful oxidants like hydroxyl radicals (• OH). This work portrays a global view on killing different microorganisms by some usual EAOPs. Electrochemically-driven techniques are earning importance thanks to encouraging findings noted in the literature. A shortage of comprehension in the pathways of electrode scaling and fouling has happened partially, because the most investigation is realized in batch reactors rather than continuous flow reactors where solutes and pathogens that noxiously influence setup efficiency pass by electrode surfaces. The coming study has to deal with the treatment of more realistic water matrices (i.e., composition and concentration). This will help to identify fit-for-purpose and niche opportunities for electrochemically-driven technologies.

Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in the electrochemical oxidation of polluted waters with pharmaceuticals used against COVID-19

“…A high amount of reactive chlorine species (RCSs) (Cl 2 , HClO, and/or ClO — which are prevalent at pH <3.0, 3.0–8.0 and >8.0, respectively) can be formed in the bulk solution through various reactions ( Eqs. (3–5) ) along with ROS [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] [80] , [81] (standard electrode potentials under acidic conditions, E 0 (HClO/0.5Cl 2 )=1.6 V, E 0 (HClO/Cl - )=1.5 V and E 0 (Cl 2 /Cl - )=1.4 V [76] , [78] , [82] , [83] , [84] , [85] , [86] , [87] , [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] ): Cl 2 +H 2 O→HClO+Cl − +H + k f =11s -1 ; k r =1.8·10 4 M -2 s -1 HClO⇌+ClO − +H + k f =1.6·10 3 M -1 s -1 ; k r =5·10 10 s -1 …”

Green Chemistry and Process Intensification: Milestones on a Sustainable Development

“…These ameliorations imply that process periods and so energy consumption could be greatly decreased for a given operation [139][140][141]. In addition, alternative energy sources (e.g., microwave and light energy [17]) that can be selected to wanted process chemistries, may conduct to less energy waste than is frequently faced with traditional thermal energy sources Ghernaout, et al [142]; Ghernaout, et al [143]; Ghernaout and Elboughdiri [144].…”

The Analytic Hierarchy Process Method to Design Applicable Decision Making for the Effective Removal of 2-mib and Geosmin in Water Sources

“…process, and electrochemical process. Electrochemical processes such as electro-oxidation, electro-Fenton or electro-peroxyketone may not be suitable for water treatment plants in today's conditions due to the high cost of electricity(Ghernaout et al 2020). However, it will become increasingly important for wastewater treatment plants in the coming years.…”