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Bee pollen collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera) is one of the bee products, and it is as valuable as honey, propolis, royal jelly, or beebread. Its quality varies according to its geographic location or plant sources. This study aimed to apply rapid, simple, and accurate analytical methods such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with chemometrics analysis to construct a model aimed at discriminating between different pollen samples. In total, 33 samples were collected and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), and partial least squares regression (PLS) to assess the differences and similarities between them. The PCA score plot based on both HPLC and ATR–FTIR revealed the same discriminatory pattern, and the samples were divided into four major classes depending on their total content of polyphenols. The results revealed that spectral data obtained from ATR–FTIR acquired in the region (4000–500 cm–1) were further subjected to a standard normal variable (SNV) method that removes scattering effects from spectra. However, PCA, HCA, and PLS showed that the best PLS model was obtained with a regression coefficient (R 2) of 0.9001, root-mean-square estimation error (RMSEE) of 0.0304, and root-mean-squared error cross-validation (RMSEcv) of 0.036. Discrimination between the three species has also been possible by combining the pre-processed ATR–FTIR spectra with PCA and PLS. Additionally, the HPLC chromatograms after pre-treatment (SNV) were subjected to unsupervised analysis (PCA–HCA) and supervised analysis (PLS). The PLS model confers good results by factors (R 2 = 0.98, RMSEE = 8.22, and RMSEcv = 27.86). Prospects for devising bee pollen quality assessment methods include utilizing ATR–FTIR and HPLC in combination with multivariate methods for rapid authentication of the geographic location or plant sources of bee pollen.

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In this work, the synthesis of a series of the functionalized inorganic/organic composite anion exchange membranes (AEMs) was carried out by employing the varying amount of inorganic filler consist of N-(trimethoxysilylpropyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (TMSP-TMA+Cl−) into the quaternized poly (2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-phenylene oxide) (QPPO) matrix for acid recovery via diffusion dialysis (DD) process. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy clearly demonstrated the fabrication of the functionalized inorganic/organic composite AEMs and the subsequent membrane characteristic measurements such as ion exchange capacity (IEC), linear swelling ratio (LSR), and water uptake (WR) gave us the optimum loading condition of the filler without undesirable filler particle aggregation. These composite AEMs exhibited IEC of 2.18 to 2.29 meq/g, LSR of 13.33 to 18.52%, and WR of 46.11 to 81.66% with sufficient thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability. The diffusion dialysis (DD) test for acid recovery from artificial acid wastewater of HCl/FeCl2 showed high acid DD coefficient (UH+) (0.022 to 0.025 m/h) and high separation factor (S) (139-260) compared with the commercial membrane. Furthermore, the developed AEMs was acceptably stable (weight loss < 20%) in the acid wastewater at 60 °C as an accelerated severe condition for 2 weeks. These results clearly indicated that the developed AEMs have sufficient potential for acid recovery application by DD process.

Fenton reaction remains an efficient technique for decomposing recalcitrant organic contaminants. Nevertheless, traditional Fenton response has many limitations like the necessity of acidic pH circumstance, the formation of iron sludge and the need for elevated chemical introductions. Procedures like heterogeneous Fenton, fluidized-bed Fenton, employment of chelating products and in situ formations of Fenton's reagent have been examined as likely solutions to such drawbacks. Bello et al. [1] presented an excellent discussion of the restrictions of Fenton reaction and the fresh manners for dealing with them and this work focuses on its main findings. The heterogeneous Fenton method stays the most largely examined thanks to the expansion achieved in catalysis. The fluidized-bed Fenton method has the capacity to diminish sludge formation and ameliorate technology efficiency. Chelating chemicals are employed to performing homogeneous Fenton at circumneutral pH, even if the potentially decisive impact of many chelating products remains a source of worry. In situ formation of Fenton's reagent via bio-electrochemical technique (bio-electro-Fenton) seems to be a likely manner to diminish the price related to Fenton's reagent. Despite the progress registered in the Fenton technologies, the classical process, and its ameliorated versions, membranes processes remain fundamental for secure wastewater treatment. As sure barriers towards pollution dispersal, processes such as nanofiltration should be coupled to Fenton techniques.

The current study reports results on the investigation of the possibility of using 11aminoundecanoic acid (AA) as an inhibitor of general corrosion of carbon steel (CS) in HCl under a range of experimental conditions: inhibitor concentration, exposure time, electrolyte temperature and pH and CS surface roughness. It was found that AA acts as a mixed-type inhibitor, yielding maximum inhibition efficiency of 97 %. The adsorption of AA onto the CS surface was described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The corresponding apparent Gibbs free energy of AA adsorption on CS at 295 K was calculated to be −30.2 kJ mol-1. The adsorption process was found to be driven by a positive change in entropy of the system. PM-IRRAS measurements revealed that the adsorbed AA layer is amorphous, which can be attributed to the repulsion between the neighboring positively charged amine groups and a high heterogeneity of the CS surface. It was also found that the AA provides very good corrosion protection of CS of various surface roughness, and over a prolonged time.

Water shortage, because of either augmented domestication or climatic variability, has prompted nations to diminish stress on water supplies mostly via decreasing water demand. Nevertheless, this procedure entirely is not enough to ensure the quality of life that high-quality water services boost, particularly inside the case of augmented domestication. Intrinsically, the notion of water reuse (WR) has been reaching strength for the last few decades. Decision-makers require ready and reachable data concerning public attitudes toward WR to adopt convenient and sustainable resource management plans. Applying reclaimed infrastructure must concentrate firstly on usages with more important social acceptability, like street cleaning, car washing, irrigation of parks and athletic fields or toilet flushing. Acceptance of the usage of recycled water for other goals implementations, like food crop irrigation and watering of residential lawns may augment as public knowledge of the system expands. As inhabitants begin to be more usual with the techniques and global comprehension of the linked advantages of WR increases, officials, planners, and managers may encounter reduced objection to extra usages and attain bigger water savings via prolonged application of WR schedules. For potable WR, there is only one-step closer to overpassing the "yuck factor". However, great efforts remain to be accomplished in mater of hybrid water technologies to assure efficient pollutant removal. Finally, WR may be considered a safe tool to avoid water sources' contamination. In other words, treating wastewater at its source of generation before its expansion at the highest level of purity will avoid pollution expansion into nature: air, soil, and water. In this case and only in this case, the "yuck factor" will be overpassed.