2016
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510418
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Electrocatalytic Generation of Amidyl Radicals for Olefin Hydroamidation: Use of Solvent Effects to Enable Anilide Oxidation

Abstract: Oxidative generation of synthetically important amidyl radicals from N-H amides is an appealing and yet challenging task. Previous methods require a stoichiometric amount of a strong oxidant and/or a costly noble-metal catalyst. We report herein the first electrocatalytic method that employs ferrocene (Fc), a cheap organometallic reagent, as the redox catalyst to produce amidyl radicals from N-aryl amides. Based on this radical-generating method, an efficient intramolecular olefin hydroamidation reaction has b… Show more

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Cited by 226 publications
(135 citation statements)
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“…Xu and co-workers also developed an elegant modification of their method that is based on the addition of an excess of 1,4-cyclohexadiene instead of TEMPO (Scheme 38, bottom). [124] Theu se of 1,4-cyclohexadiene as ahydrogen atom donor leads to aredox-neutral process with potential applications in natural product synthesis.Ferrocene was required as am ediator for the oxidation to avoid electrode passivation. With a5 :1 mixture of THF and methanol, the oxidation potential of the carbamate was lowered, and efficient electron transfer from ferrocene was possible.S uitable substrates also underwent redox-neutral radical cascade reactions and, in the absence of 1,4-cyclohexadiene,oxidative cascade reactions.T ricyclic products and indolines are thus accessible.…”
Section: Electrochemical Synthesis Of Heterocyclesmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Xu and co-workers also developed an elegant modification of their method that is based on the addition of an excess of 1,4-cyclohexadiene instead of TEMPO (Scheme 38, bottom). [124] Theu se of 1,4-cyclohexadiene as ahydrogen atom donor leads to aredox-neutral process with potential applications in natural product synthesis.Ferrocene was required as am ediator for the oxidation to avoid electrode passivation. With a5 :1 mixture of THF and methanol, the oxidation potential of the carbamate was lowered, and efficient electron transfer from ferrocene was possible.S uitable substrates also underwent redox-neutral radical cascade reactions and, in the absence of 1,4-cyclohexadiene,oxidative cascade reactions.T ricyclic products and indolines are thus accessible.…”
Section: Electrochemical Synthesis Of Heterocyclesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Based on the hydroamination work, Xu and co-workers applied the method for indoline synthesis [124] to the formation of indoles.T he authors employed the same conditions and urea substrates,whereby the urea moiety served as aconnecting bridge between at ethered arene and an alkyne.T hese substrates were directly converted into substituted indoles.A useful feature of this procedure is the fact that 4-, 5-, and 6-azaindoles are also accessible in high yields (Scheme 40). [127] Recently,Xuand co-workers reported amethod to access 3-fluorooxindoles.A t0 8 8Cw ith cyclopentadienyllithium as the base,t his process enabled the oxidation of the acidic a-position in N-aryl amides.T he base was essential to lower the oxidation potential of the a-carbon atom by deprotonation and enabled the electron transfer from the mediator.This C À Cc oupling reaction is an elegant means to access 3-fluorooxindoles (Scheme 41), which can be functionalized in subsequent reactions.…”
Section: Electrochemical Synthesis Of Heterocyclesmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Solche N-zentrierten Radikale wurden bereits in diskontinuierlichen elektrochemischen Prozessen eingesetzt. [9] In der Ringschlussreaktion von Carbamat 1 zu Produkt [11] führte dieses Lçsungsmittel entweder zur Isolierung des Ausgangsmaterials (< 2Fmol À1 )o der zu Zersetzung (> 3Fmol À1 ). Die Verwendung einer Base kann bei anodischen Oxidationen vorteilhaft sein, wenn die Verbindung oder ihre oxidierte Form deprotoniert werden kann, da die meisten anodischen Oxidationen mit einem Verlust an Elektronen und Protonen einhergehen.…”
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“…Die Verwendung einer Base kann bei anodischen Oxidationen vorteilhaft sein, wenn die Verbindung oder ihre oxidierte Form deprotoniert werden kann, da die meisten anodischen Oxidationen mit einem Verlust an Elektronen und Protonen einhergehen. [9b, 12] Xu et al [9] berichteten über die Cyclisierung von Carbamaten vom Ty p 1 unter Zusatz von Lithiumhydroxid oder Natriumcarbonat als heterogene Base. Der Nachteil dieser Basen ist ihre geringe Lçslichkeit in organischen Lçsungsmitteln, die fürd ie Flussreaktorsynthese deutlich problematischer ist als fürd iskontinuierliche Verfahren.…”
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