Electrocatalytic activity of amorphous RuO2 electrode for oxygen evolution in an aqueous solution

Tsuji, Etsushi; Imanishi, Akihito; Fukui, Ken–ichi; Nakato, Yoshihiro

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.062

Cited by 269 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…[ 53,54 ] An aqueous solution containing 5 × 10 −3 M RuCl 3 · x H 2 O (Precious Metals Online) and 0.1 M KCl (Sigma-Aldrich; ≥ 99.0%) and 10 × 10 −3 M HCl as the supporting electrolyte at 50 °C was used. The deposition was effected by running cyclic voltammetry from −0.2 to 1 V versus Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat.)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bi‐Functional Iron‐Only Electrodes for Efficient Water Splitting with Enhanced Stability through In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration

Martindale

Reisner

2015

Advanced Energy Materials

141

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are the indirect conversion of solar into chemical energy using a photovoltaic (PV)-electrolyzer [ 9,10 ] system and its direct conversion with a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell. [11][12][13] The International Energy Agency identifi ed a key obstacle to the widespread implementation of water splitting technologies to be the development of cheap and active materials to catalyze both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which operate under identical and mild conditions with high efficiency and stability. [ 14 ] The most active catalysts of the HER and OER contain precious metals: Pt and RuO 2 /IrO 2 , respectively, [15][16][17][18] but there is no real possibility to scale up these materials for global demand due to their scarcity. A sustainable and global process will require the use of inexpensive, widely abundant and nontoxic materials. Figure S1 (Supporting Information) shows the recent cost of transition metal resources and their relative crustal abundance. Rare, high cost elements are suitable for use in luxury items such as catalytic converters in automobiles. Even medium cost-abundance catalysts such as the much investigated HER catalysts, Ni-Mo alloys, [ 19,20 ] as well as Ni 2 P, [ 21 ] CoP, [ 22 ] and MoS 2 , [23][24][25][26] and the OER catalysts, cobaltphosphate (CoP i ), [ 27 ] nickel-borate (NiB i ), 25 and (mixed) metal oxide-hydroxides [29][30][31][32] can still suffer from scalability issues. For example, cobalt constitutes the largest cost in most Li-ion rechargeable batteries (LiCoO 2 ), which has contributed to significant research into its replacement with iron (LiFePO 4 ) and manganese (LiMnO 2 ) analogs. [ 33 ] Approaches to overcome the use of more expensive metals in catalysis include the use of ultra-low concentrations of the active catalyst embedded in a lower-cost matrix [ 34 ] or in this case the identifi cation of active species which contain only Earth-abundant elements. [ 30 ] Only three transition metals (titanium, manganese, and iron) are truly abundant in Earth's crust (the primary source of metal ores) and within this group, iron is by far the most plentiful. Hence iron is arguably the most attractive element on which to base sustainable catalysts, due to its effectively inexhaustible supply, low toxicity, and negligible environmental impact. Despite this, iron-based catalysts have been relatively underreported and underused, probably due to their notoriety for corrosion.Iron-based electrodes for either the HER or the OER have been reported, [35][36][37][38][39][40] but bi-functionally active iron-only materials in water splitting are unknown. For example, FeP is described as a promising high activity noble-metal-free material Scalable and robust electrocatalysts are required for the implementation of water splitting technologies as a globally applicable means of producing affordable renewable hydrogen. It is demonstrated that iron-only electrode materials prove to be active for catalyzing both proton reduction and water oxidation in alkali...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bi‐Functional Iron‐Only Electrodes for Efficient Water Splitting with Enhanced Stability through In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration

Martindale

Reisner

2015

Advanced Energy Materials

141

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“…Moreover, some studies have reported that the amorphous phase has advantages in terms of mechanical and electrochemical stability as the disordered structure offers structural stability. [140,141] Various amorphous single metal oxides with high efficiency (e.g., Co, [12,142] Ru, [143] Ni, [144,145] Ir, [146,147] and Mn [148,149] ) have been developed and have outperformed their crystalline counterparts. Considering the good performance of multimetal oxides in crystalline catalysts, the benefits of mixing two or more metals are also expected in amorphous catalysts.…”

Section: Amorphous Metal Oxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Multimetal Oxide Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Kim

et al. 2018

Advanced Energy Materials

664

498

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fossil fuels are being widely researched for the development of a sustainable energy system. Among the various candidates for green energy resources, hydrogen energy has been at the center of attention. [1,2] Hydrogen is both inexhaustible and environmentally friendly, because it can be produced from earth-abundant reactants such as water and methane and because no CO 2 or other toxic products are emitted during its conversion into other energy form such as electricity, respectively. Moreover, hydrogen can exhibit significantly larger energy density compared with other energy sources such as gasoline and coal. The most widely used method of hydrogen production today is steam reforming because of its low cost in the process. [3] Nevertheless, the release of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide as byproducts in the steam reforming process diminishes the environmental merits of hydrogen energy. Thus, as a possible cleaner alternative, an electrolysis method that involves producing hydrogen by electrochemically splitting water has been extensively investigated. Using one of the most abundant resources, water, the production of hydrogen from it yields only oxygen as a byproduct.In the water electrolysis, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occur simultaneously, as described by the following equationsIn order for the reaction to proceed, a voltage of 1.23 V is theoretically required between an anode and a cathode. However, an overpotential (represented by the symbol η) should be additionally applied to account for the potential loss resulting from kinetic limitations occurring during the electrochemical reaction. The use of electrocatalysts can lower the overpotential by kinetically facilitating the water-splitting reaction either in HER or OER. Due to the nature of four-electron involving OER, it is generally believed that the OER is much more sluggish than the HER; thus, the development of efficient OER Hydrogen is a promising alternative fuel for efficient energy production and storage, with water splitting considered one of the most clean, environmentally friendly, and sustainable approaches to generate hydrogen. However, to meet industrial demands with electrolysis-generated hydrogen, the development of a low-cost and efficient catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical, while conventional catalysts are mostly based on precious metals. Many studies have thus focused on exploring new efficient nonprecious-metal catalytic systems and improving the understandings on the OER mechanism, resulting in the design of catalysts with superior activity compared with that of conventional catalysts. In particular, the use of multimetal rather than single-metal catalysts is demonstrated to yield remarkable performance improvement, as the metal composition in these catalysts can be tailored to modify the intrinsic properties affecting the OER. Herein, recent progress and accomplishments of multimetal catalytic systems, including several important groups of catalysts: layered h...

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“…8 In particular, RuO 2 exhibits high catalytic performance for water oxidation with a moderate overpotential and RuO 2 coated electrodes are, thus, one of the most studied catalytic metal oxides for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Moreover, RuO 2 exhibits various interesting properties such as metallic conductivity, low resistivity (3-5 10 -5 Ω cm 18 ), high thermal stability, and high resistance to chemical corrosion, which provides reasonable long-term stability. 22 complemented with the chemically sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which is extensively used for material characterization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of TiO₂Doping on RuO₂-Coated Electrodes for the Water Oxidation Reaction

et al. 2013

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Electrochemical water splitting into H 2 and O 2 presents a significant and challenging energy loss due to the high overpotential required at the anode. Today, in industrially relevant applications, dimensionally stable anodes (DSA ® ) based on the electrocatalytic active RuO 2 are conventionally utilized. To enhance the resistance against corrosion, incorporation of TiO 2 in the RuO 2 coated electrodes is widely employed. In the present work we have used scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to demonstrate that TiO 2 -doped RuO 2 coated

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Electrocatalytic activity of amorphous RuO2 electrode for oxygen evolution in an aqueous solution

Cited by 269 publications

References 71 publications

Bi‐Functional Iron‐Only Electrodes for Efficient Water Splitting with Enhanced Stability through In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration

Bi‐Functional Iron‐Only Electrodes for Efficient Water Splitting with Enhanced Stability through In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration

Recent Progress on Multimetal Oxide Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

The Role of TiO₂Doping on RuO₂-Coated Electrodes for the Water Oxidation Reaction

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Electrocatalytic activity of amorphous RuO2 electrode for oxygen evolution in an aqueous solution

Cited by 269 publications

References 71 publications

Bi‐Functional Iron‐Only Electrodes for Efficient Water Splitting with Enhanced Stability through In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration

Bi‐Functional Iron‐Only Electrodes for Efficient Water Splitting with Enhanced Stability through In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration

Recent Progress on Multimetal Oxide Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

The Role of TiO2Doping on RuO2-Coated Electrodes for the Water Oxidation Reaction

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The Role of TiO₂Doping on RuO₂-Coated Electrodes for the Water Oxidation Reaction