Electro-optic properties of hybrid solgel doped with a nonlinear chromophore with large hyperpolarizability

Zhang, Hong Xi; Peyghambarian, N.; Fallahi, Mahmoud; Luo, Jingdong; Chen, Bao Quan; Jen, Alex K.‐Y.

doi:10.1364/ol.30.000117

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The sol-gel synthesis generally makes it possible to prepare materials of high purity with accurately controlled composition and shape. The versatility of the technique has thus motivated a number of applications in numerous fields like optics, [1][2][3] catalysis, [4][5][6] or bio-compatible materials. 7 As an example, the sol-gel route is a technique of choice for fabricating multicomponent oxide-based solids 8 which can be cast into a wide range of shapes like thin films, 9 powders, fibers 9 or monoliths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between gelation time, structure and texture of low-doped silica gels

Berrier

Courthéoux

Bouazaoui

et al. 2010

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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It is shown how the properties of a porous silica xerogel prepared using a classical sol-gel synthesis can be fine-tuned by a minor modification of the composition. The addition of a doping cation (Cu(2+), Ca(2+), Na(+)) in trace quantities in the silica sol was found to exert a dramatic effect at all stages of material preparation. An investigation of both liquid and solid phases is presented, making it possible to highlight strong correlations. The time-resolved speciation of Si-containing moieties in the sol was found to be an indication of the structuration of the gel, which was reflected by the porosity and by the molecular structure of the resulting porous material. Based on a careful comparison of several slightly doped silica gels, a model is proposed which makes it possible to predict the structure and the texture of a silica gel from data recorded early in the liquid phase.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between gelation time, structure and texture of low-doped silica gels

Berrier

Courthéoux

Bouazaoui

et al. 2010

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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“…Among them, AJL8/APC has been widely utilized for many device explorations, such as Mach-Zehnder modulators, terahertz generation, sol-gel hybrid EO modulators, and slotted ring micro-resonators, etc. [3][4][5][6][7][8] Many of these prototype devices can be fabricated by soft lithography or nanoimprinting techniques which hold great potential for organic EO polymers to be used in complex circuitry and be mass produced with low cost. Our collaborators from other institutions and government laboratories have reported the reproducible large electro-optic activity (up to 70~100 pm/V @ 1.31 µm), high optical transparency (optical loss ~1.0 dB/cm @ 1.31 and 1.55 µm), good processibility and thermal stability (60~85 °C), and broad bandwidth (40 GHz) from this standardized material.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exceptional electro-optic properties through molecular design and controlled self-assembly

Jen

Luo

Kim

et al. 2005

Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials V

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Recent breakthroughs in developing exceptional organic electro-optic (EO) materials are reviewed. Whole series of guest-host polymers furnished with high µβ chromophores have shown large electro-optic coefficients around 100~160 pm/V @ 1.31µm. Moreover, new generation of NLO chromophores based on pyrroline and pyrrolizine acceptors have been designed and synthesized. To go beyond the typical oriented gas model limit for poled polymers, new approach of using nanoscale architecture control and supramoleaular self-assembly has been proved as a very effective method to create a new paradigm for materials with very exciting properties. The approaches of employing Diels-Alder reactions for postfunctionalization and lattice hardening also provide a facile and reliable way to generate high-performance EO polymers and dendrimers. This type of "click" chemistry paves the way to systematically study the relationships between chromophore shape and number density, controlled self-assembly, in addition to provide the material properties needed for multi-layer device fabrication. Finally, a new generation of binary monolithic glasses has been developed that exhibit unprecedented high EO activities through careful manipulation of intricate supramolecular interactive forces for self-assembly. The results obtained from these poled binary organic glass materials (r 33 as high as 310 pm/V at 1.31µm) are the highest values ever reported which are >10 times of the commercial lithium niobate crystals. The success of these material developments has recently inspired the exploration of new device concepts trying to take full advantage of the organic EO materials with ultrahigh r 33 values. HIGHLY EFFICIENT NONLINEAR OPTICAL CHROMOPHORES AND THEIR POLED POLYMERS IN AMORPHOUS POLYCARBONATEPreviously, a very diversified family of 2,5-dihydrofuran derivatives has been synthesized as a new class of tunable electron acceptors using the single-mode focused microwave irradiation. Among them, an exemplary electron acceptor, 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4,5-dimethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran (CF 3 -TCF) exhibited strong electronwithdrawing ability and good stability. 1,2 Based on this CF 3 -TCF acceptor, we have developed a new series of nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores with more efficient polyene conjugation bridges and suitable shape modification for improving their poling behaviors in dye-doped polymers (Table 1 and Figure 1).In this series of chromophores, the electron-withdrawing ability of CF 3 -TCF accepetors can be fine-tuned by replacing the methyl group at the 5-position of dihydrofuran ring with various aromatic rings. For example, with the same donor and conjugation bridges, chromophores 2a-d showed significantly different maximum absorption wavelengths ranging from 764 nm to 800 nm. At various poling voltages between 0.75 and 1.5 MV/cm, such band shifting is quite consistent with the trend of enhanced EO coefficients in their corresponding poled polymers. From the oriented gas model, it defines that r 33 = 2Nβf(ω)/...

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“…Some progress has been made in crosslinked sol-gel organic hybrid EO core materials [32,33]. Layer-by-layer crosslinking of self-assembled chromophores has been reported by the Marks group at Northwestern University, and it shows promise for developing very thermally robust modulator films [34].…”

Section: Stability Of Crosslinked Eo Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For years device engineers have been interested in electro-optic modulators based on nonlinear optical polymers because of their ease of processing and rugged flexibility, and now even more so for the promise of exceedingly high electro-optic coefficient (r 33 ). Recent reports say that films of third-generation organic chromophores exceed lithium niobate (LN) by a factor of ten in electro-optic (EO) coefficient (r 33 ≈ 300 pm/V versus 30 pm/V for LN) [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of EO polymers and polymer modulator stability

et al. 2005

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Electro-optic properties of hybrid solgel doped with a nonlinear chromophore with large hyperpolarizability

Cited by 16 publications

References 11 publications

Correlation between gelation time, structure and texture of low-doped silica gels

Correlation between gelation time, structure and texture of low-doped silica gels

Exceptional electro-optic properties through molecular design and controlled self-assembly

Overview of EO polymers and polymer modulator stability

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