Electrification of LPT in Algeciras Bay: A New Methodology to Assess the Consumption of an Equivalent E-Bus

Abstract

The present paper proposes a new methodology to aid the electrification process of local public transport (LPT). In more detail, real drive cycles of traditional buses currently in use are evaluated together with other data to simulate the consumption of equivalent e-buses (electric buses) with similar characteristics. The results are then used in order to design the best charging infrastructure. The proposed methodology is applied to the case study of Algeciras Bay, where a specific line of LPT is considered. Real measurements are used as data for the simulation model, and the average consumption of an equivalent e-bus is obtained for different operating conditions. Based on these results, different sizes and locations for fast-charging infrastructure are proposed, and the size of the depot charging system is defined trying to maintain the current buses timetable. Finally, some future developments of the present work are presented by considering other bus lines that may benefit from the introduction of the defined charging systems.

Energy Demand Model of Battery E-Buses for LPT: Implementation, Validation and Scheduling Optimization

“…These variations have a great impact on the energy consumption of the E-Bus. In addition to vehicle, motor, battery specifications and speed and altitude profiles, also several other simulation parameters depending on the driving conditions are required for model set-up and are listed in Table 2 [37], [38], [39], [40], [41].…”

“…Regenerative brake factor represents the percentage of braking force delivered by regenerative braking. The regenerative braking threshold velocity is set at 15 km/h [38]. Aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance coefficients have been chosen and set according to [40].…”

Design and Implementation of an Electric Skibus Line in North Italy

“…Many aspects of the electrifying process in the public transport have been covered in the literature. For instance, in [6] authors used a simulation model to determine the route-specific energy consumption and calculate the required battery size and charging infrastructure. Instead in [7] a more holistic design approach to verify the feasibility of the electrification based on the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is carried out.…”

“…Finally, to simulate the vehicle motion we have to compute the resistances to the motion R. The motion of a bus is resisted by mainly four forces which are: the inertial force, aerodynamic force, resistance due to the grade, and rolling resistance [6]. To consider the inertial resistance of the rotational elements inside the vehicle the concept of equivalent mass m e is considered.…”