Electricity and heating system in Kazakhstan: Exploring energy efficiency improvement paths

Sarbassov, Yerbol; Kerimray, Aiymgul; Tokmurzin, Diyar; Tosato, Gian Carlo; Miglio, Rocco De

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.012

Cited by 57 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In addition, large parts of Kazakhstan's thermal power plants are obsolete and less efficient than most other national energy systems [17,60]. For instance, a typical 1000 MW coal-fired electric power plant has a net efficiency of 27% and an electricity generation efficiency of between 18% and 21% (with a total efficiency of 49%-68%).…”

Section: Transmission Losses and Inefficient Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies on energy efficiency in Kazakhstan show that both the electricity and heat sectors have strong potential for improving their levels of energy efficiency [17,60].…”

Section: Policy Reforms To Promote Energy Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given Kazakhstan's rapid economic development and the associated increasing electricity demand, significant modernisation of existing power facilities in addition to construction of new power generation plants of 20 GW is needed by 2020 [16]. Improving energy efficiency is also important; a recent study demonstrated that improving the efficiency of electricity and heat systems can cut almost one third of electricity and heat consumption in Kazakhstan's residential and commercial sectors at an average cost for end users of about 1 $/GJ [17]. The industrial sector currently accounts for approximately 70% of the total end-use electricity consumption, with the residential sector 10%, the commercial and service sectors cumulatively 9%, transport 6%…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of current energy systems and green energy potential in Kazakhstan

Karatayev

Clarke

2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

109

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Kazakhstan is rich in natural resources including coal, oil, natural gas and uranium and has significant renewable potential from wind, solar, hydro-power and biomass. In spite of this, the country is currently dependent upon fossil fuels for power generation. Coal-fired plants account for 75% of total power generation leading to concerns over greenhouse gas emissions and impacts on human health and the environment. Recent economic growth in Kazakhstan has driven increased demand for energy services, making the construction of additional generating capacity necessary for enabling sustained economic growth. In this context, renewable energy resources are becoming an increasingly attractive option to help bridge the demand-supply gap and to decrease national greenhouse gas emissions. This study presents an overview of the existing energy system in Kazakhstan and investigates policy drivers for the energy sector. We review existing studies, national reports, energy strategies and plans, to identify and describe key barriers that prevent diffusion of renewable energy technologies in Kazakhstan. We propose potential measures to overcome specific barriers in order to successfully develop a renewable energy sector in Kazakhstan. It is seen that the likely major contributors to replacing fossil fuel based energy services are likely to be wind power and solar energy technologies, with biomass and hydro energy sources likely to play a lesser role. The barriers to development include low electricity tariffs, transmission losses and inefficient technologies, weak regulatory and legal frameworks and a high-risk business environment.

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Section: Transmission Losses and Inefficient Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies on energy efficiency in Kazakhstan show that both the electricity and heat sectors have strong potential for improving their levels of energy efficiency [17,60].…”

Section: Policy Reforms To Promote Energy Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of current energy systems and green energy potential in Kazakhstan

Karatayev

Clarke

2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

109

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“…This annual growth in electricity production falls within the range of 3%-5% annually as predicted by Atakhanova and Howie in 2007 for Kazakhstan [9]. In a long run, Kazakhstan is expected to produce 120 TWh and consume 116 TWh of electricity by 2020 [10]. The government estimated that the electricity production will be around 150 TWh/yr by 2030 [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Multi-criteria evaluation of renewable and nuclear resources for electricity generation in Kazakhstan

Ahmad

Nadeem

Akhanova

et al. 2017

Energy

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Kazakhstan's electricity generation depends heavily on fossil fuels. Renewables and other nonfossil resources provide potential alternatives to diversify the electricity generation system. In this paper, various potential local non-fossil fuel resources, hydro, solar, wind, biomass and uranium are reviewed and an assessment framework for prioritizing these resources is established. A multi-criteria decision making approach, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based on expert opinion, is utilized for developing the assessment model, using four main criteria of technical, economic, social and environmental aspects and thirteen sub-criteria. The review reveal that Kazakhstan has ample potential to develop a non-fossil fuel based electricity system. Furthermore, the model shows hydro to be the most favorable resource followed by solar; wind and nuclear are ranked third and fourth, respectively while biomass is found to be the least attractive option. It is also found that each resource is inclined towards a particular criterion; hydro towards social, solar towards economic, nuclear towards technical, with biomass and wind directed towards environmental. Besides reporting the use of the AHP model for the first time in the Kazakhstan context, the assessment carried out in this paper can assist decision-makers to articulate long-term energy policy for any country.

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“…However, the main reason is the high level of wear on equipment and infrastructure, because around 41% of generating capacity has been operating for over 30 years (Dukenbayev, 2004). Furthermore, losses via networks, and fuel consumption at electricity plants, are 25 -30% higher than in developed countries (MERK, 2010;Sarbassov, Kerimray, Tokmurzin, Tosato, De Miglio, 2013). …”

Section: The Present Energy Systemmentioning

confidence: 98%

Climate change mitigation scenarios and policies and measures: the case of Kazakhstan

et al. 2015

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This article illustrates the main difficulties encountered in the preparation of GHG emission projections and climate change mitigation policies and measures (P&M) for Kazakhstan. Difficulties in representing the system with an economic model have been overcome by representing the energy system with a technical-economic growth model (MARKAL-TIMES) based on the stock of existing plants, transformation processes, and end-use devices. GHG emission scenarios depend mainly on the pace of transition in Kazakhstan from a planned economy to a market economy. Three scenarios are portrayed: an incomplete transition, a fast and successful one, and even more advanced participation in global climate change mitigation, including participation in some emission trading schemes. If the transition to a market economy is completed by 2020, P&M already adopted may reduce emissions of CO 2 from combustion by about 85 MtCO 2 by 2030 -17% of the emissions in the baseline (WOM) scenario. One-third of these reductions are likely to be obtained from the demand sectors, and two-thirds from the supply sectors. If every tonne of CO 2 not emitted is valued up to US$10 in 2020 and $20 in 2030, additional P&M may further reduce emissions by 110 MtCO 2 by 2030. Policy relevanceThis article analyses Kazakhstan's climate change and energy efficiency policies by making use of a modelling platform that provides a consistent framework for testing dynamic hypotheses. The effects of different P&M have been evaluated as the differences between two scenarios according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reporting guidelines. It concludes that domestic climate mitigation objectives are synergistic with energy efficiency goals, and the set of policies adopted to achieve both objectives should be planned, implemented, and enforced jointly. It also quantifies the GHG emissions reduction if the transition to a market economy proceeds quickly and successfully ( 2 100 MtCO 2 e in 2030), and if a mitigation-specific policy is implemented ( 2 200 MtCO 2 e in 2030) compared to a baseline projection, and it highlights the need to prepare more robust and detailed energy balances and inventory of emissions in order to develop and monitor the progress of the policies.

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Electricity and heating system in Kazakhstan: Exploring energy efficiency improvement paths

Cited by 57 publications

References 11 publications

A review of current energy systems and green energy potential in Kazakhstan

A review of current energy systems and green energy potential in Kazakhstan

Multi-criteria evaluation of renewable and nuclear resources for electricity generation in Kazakhstan

Climate change mitigation scenarios and policies and measures: the case of Kazakhstan

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