Electrically Tunable Lenses: A Review

Chen, Leihao; Ghilardi, Michele; Busfield, James J. C.; Carpi, Federico

doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.678046

Cited by 55 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Here, we performed an imaging test using the USAF1951 targets to evaluate the imaging performance under the different diopters. The tunable lens can dynamically change the diopter from −1.5 to 3.5 as the drive current increases from 0 to 300 mA with a linear relationship (Chen et al, 2021;Optotune, 2022). The transformational relation between the current and diopter can present in the following form:…”

Section: Microimaging Performance and Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater Raman microscopy—a novel in situ tool for deep-sea microscale target studies

Liu

Guo²,

Liu³

et al. 2022

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Microscale processes and interactions in the ocean are pervasive. They play a fundamental role in global biogeochemical cycles and have a significant impact on benthic marine ecosystems. However, our understanding of microscale processes and interactions that appeared in the benthic environment is still very limited, particularly for the deep ocean, due to a lack of appropriate in situ observation and detection methods. To address this challenge, we have developed an in situ observation and detection system for microscopic targets suitable for the deep sea and have successfully deployed the instrument on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to achieve in situ microscopic Raman detection of targets on the seabed over a depth of 770 m. This is a combined system that integrated microscopic imaging and Raman detection techniques for in situ observation and analysis of underwater microscale targets. The complete system consists of an electronics chamber, a detection probe, and a precision external positioning device. Power supply and real-time data transmission are achieved via ROV tethers. This allows researchers to operate the instrument in real time to perform microscopic imaging capture and Raman spectroscopy acquisition of interesting targets on the seafloor. The first sea trial of the system was conducted in the South China Sea in 2020, and during the cruise, microscopic image acquisition and in situ compositional analysis of shell fragments, seabed rock samples, and live sea stars were successively performed. The system has solved the key technical challenges of deep-sea microscopic imaging, demonstrated the feasibility of deep-sea microscopic imaging, and illustrated the great potential of combining Raman spectroscopy and microscopic imaging in marine research. In this paper, we present the unique design of the instrument and the deep-sea results. With further optimization, the system promises to be a versatile instrument providing a unique perspective for deep-sea geochemical and biochemical studies.

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Section: Microimaging Performance and Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater Raman microscopy—a novel in situ tool for deep-sea microscale target studies

Liu

Guo²,

Liu³

et al. 2022

Front. Mar. Sci.

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“…Other commercially available tunable lenses, in addition to ETLs, are also being used for bioscience microscopy applications (Table 2). For a broader characterisation of tunable optical devices, we direct readers to Kang et al (2020) and Chen et al (2021).…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically tunable lenses – eliminating mechanical axial movements during high-speed 3D live imaging

Efstathiou

Draviam

2021

Journal of Cell Science

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The successful investigation of photosensitive and dynamic biological events, such as those in a proliferating tissue or a dividing cell, requires non-intervening high-speed imaging techniques. Electrically tunable lenses (ETLs) are liquid lenses possessing shape-changing capabilities that enable rapid axial shifts of the focal plane, in turn achieving acquisition speeds within the millisecond regime. These human-eye-inspired liquid lenses can enable fast focusing and have been applied in a variety of cell biology studies. Here, we review the history, opportunities and challenges underpinning the use of cost-effective high-speed ETLs. Although other, more expensive solutions for three-dimensional imaging in the millisecond regime are available, ETLs continue to be a powerful, yet inexpensive, contender for live-cell microscopy.

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“…In the VFL-based ABC technique, on the other hand, the focal length of VFL can be adjusted non-mechanically by changing the curvature of liquid lens. VFLs can be realized electrically by using either current-driven electromagnetic actuation or voltage-driven electrowetting [21]. Thus, the VFLbased scheme offers a low size, weight, and power (SWaP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Adaptive Beam Control System Using Variable Focus Lenses for Laser Inter-Satellite Link

2022

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One of technical challenges in laser inter-satellite link (ISL) is the mitigation of performance degradation caused by pointing errors and angle-of-arrival (AoA) fluctuations arising unavoidably from satellite movements and vibrations. In this paper, we propose the dynamic adaptive beam control (ABC) technique implementable by using variable focus lenses (VFLs) at both the transmitter and receiver. In this technique, we monitor the instantaneous pointing error and AoA fluctuation induced by satellite vibrations and then provide feedback corrections to the VFL-based ABC system. The VFLs at the transmitter and receiver adjust their focal lengths adaptively to the amount of pointing error and AoA fluctuation, respectively, to minimize the link loss. VFLs operated by electro-wetting or electromagnetic actuator are fast enough to respond to the vibrations. We design the proposed dynamic ABC system for laser ISL by using the double-lens configuration and VFLs. An exemplary system design is presented when commercially available VFLs are utilized. Our simulation study shows that the proposed dynamic ABC technique offers improved transmission performance, compared to the static and the dynamic ABC technique applied to either the transmitter or receiver.

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Electrically Tunable Lenses: A Review

Cited by 55 publications

References 109 publications

Underwater Raman microscopy—a novel in situ tool for deep-sea microscale target studies

Underwater Raman microscopy—a novel in situ tool for deep-sea microscale target studies

Electrically tunable lenses – eliminating mechanical axial movements during high-speed 3D live imaging

Dynamic Adaptive Beam Control System Using Variable Focus Lenses for Laser Inter-Satellite Link

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