Electrically Elicited Blink Reflex and Early Acoustic Evoked Potentials in Circumscribed and Diffuse Brain Stem Lesions

Prediction of secondary deterioration in comatose neurosurgical patients by serial recording of multimodality evoked potentials

“…EP measurement has indeed been performed in ICUpatients with respect to -early prognosis after severe brain injury 5' 20, 32, 51 cerebral ischaemia10, 26, 61 and intracranial haemorrhage35, 63, -pupillary function and other brainstem reactions20, 25,28 -Glasgow Coma Score 32' 35 -intracranial pressure (ICP, 25' 34) cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP,25), cerebral blood flow 17, and blood flow velocity ~3.…”

Electrically Induced Blink Reflex and Facial Motor Nerve Stimulation in Beagles

“…5 The late responses are relayed through a more complex pathway that involves the pons and lateral medulla oblongata [6][7][8][9] and these responses seem to receive supratentorial influences. 3,8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The more stable ipsilateral R 1 response is commonly used to assess peripheral trigeminal and facial nerve conduction. 1,4,5,8,14,15,[17][18][19][20] Abnormalities detected in the R 2 responses help to differentiate between trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, and brainstem dysfunction.…”

“…3,8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The more stable ipsilateral R 1 response is commonly used to assess peripheral trigeminal and facial nerve conduction. 1,4,5,8,14,15,[17][18][19][20] Abnormalities detected in the R 2 responses help to differentiate between trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, and brainstem dysfunction. 3,4,6,8,15,18,21,22 Electrical stimulation of the facial nerve evokes a direct muscle potential in the orbicularis oculi muscle on the side of stimulation.…”

“…1,4,5,8,14,15,[17][18][19][20] Abnormalities detected in the R 2 responses help to differentiate between trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, and brainstem dysfunction. 3,4,6,8,15,18,21,22 Electrical stimulation of the facial nerve evokes a direct muscle potential in the orbicularis oculi muscle on the side of stimulation. 5,23 Electromyographic recording of the orbicularis oculi direct and reflex-evoked muscle potentials is commonly performed in humans to assess peripheral trigeminal and facial nerve function, 3,5,17,23,24 providing assistance in the diagnosis and prognosis of many neurologic diseases affecting peripheral nerve 20,21,[25][26][27][28][29] and brainstem function.…”

“…5,23 Electromyographic recording of the orbicularis oculi direct and reflex-evoked muscle potentials is commonly performed in humans to assess peripheral trigeminal and facial nerve function, 3,5,17,23,24 providing assistance in the diagnosis and prognosis of many neurologic diseases affecting peripheral nerve 20,21,[25][26][27][28][29] and brainstem function. 1,3,4,6,8,13,15,18,21,22,[30][31][32][33][34][35] The electrically elicited blink reflex test has been used in experimental studies in cats, 9,[36][37][38] in 1 study of facial reflexes in anesthetized dogs, 39 and in sedated horses. 40,41 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the electrically induced blink reflex and the latencies to onset of the muscle potentials evoked by direct facial nerve stimulation in sedated dogs, to report reference values for the muscle responses recorded in the orbicularis oculi muscles, and to demonstrate the potential usefulness of the blink reflex test in the diagnosis of peripheral facial and trigeminal nerve dysfunction in dogs.…”