Electrically Conductive Polymers and Composites for Biomedical Applications

Electroconductive multi-functional polypyrrole composites for biomedical applications

“…They can be found in polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline and their derivatives. These molecules possess non-degenerate ground states where the energies of the two chains on either side of the defect are different [40] . Elimination of an electron from the p system of polypyrrole generates a free radical and a cation ( Fig.…”

“…Elimination of an electron from the p system of polypyrrole generates a free radical and a cation ( Fig. 4 ) [40] . The radical cation then undergoes bond rearrangement to form a quinonoid system.…”

“…The radical cation then undergoes bond rearrangement to form a quinonoid system. In the polypyrrole structure, the polaron is a radical cation that controls electron transport properties, whereas bipolaron species are formed from two individual polarons [40] . In general, species with two charges in the same unit cell are termed a bipolaron, regardless of whether the species are stable or not.…”

“…They, therefore, enhance the electrochemical stability of the synthesized polypyrrole [46] . The electrical conductivity of polypyrrole is within the range of 7.5 −10 × 10 3 S cm −1 depending on the type and amount of dopant [40] .…”

“…Good solubility is essential for polypyrrole-based materials that are used in the biomedical field [40] . However, polypyrrole prepared by electrochemical or chemical polymerization is insoluble in most solvents [38] .…”