“…Besides, they are easy to use, even by the patient itself, and have an improved drug permeability compared to other transdermal drug delivery devices (e.g., transdermal patches, topical creams, emulsions and ointments) [ 8 ]. Different materials or combinations can be used to produce microneedles (e.g., metal, biopolymers, metal-organic frameworks, polymer-ceramic) for transdermal drug delivery [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Besides the type of material used for fabrication, the microneedles need to perforate the skin, and this is highly affected by the geometry of microneedles, including height, width, shape, and mechanical characteristics.…”