Abstract:Replenishing neurons may represent the best therapy for, otherwise progressive and fatal, neurological diseases. Clinical trials show that cell integration in a patient’s brain tissue is limited by poor cell...
“…The selection of this geometry is due to the fact that ITO has a higher conductivity (3300 S/cm) than the PEDOT:PPS film (5 S/cm), thereby allowing a spatial localization for the electrical double layer potential assessment. This set up is similar to the one we have been using in the study of electrical stimulation of neural stem cells 14 – 16 . Figure 1 ( a ) Structure of a cross-linked PEDOT:PSS-based setup, consisting on three probing ITO stripes (ca.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The most relevant situations, and those that are better understood and characterised, involve interfaces between metallic systems and electrolytes. With the discovery of the conjugated polymers 3 and our ability to tune their conductivity, several applications have been developed, namely those involving their interfaces with electrolytes as an active component 4 – 16 . The EDL formed at the interface between such highly conductive systems and electrolytes is anticipated to share similarities with the metal/electrolyte situation.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This study was motivated by our recent works on the application of electric fields to PEDOT:PSS films supporting neural stem cells culture to influence their differentiation 14 – 16 . In particular, we found that the application of an electric field along the PEDOT:PSS substrate influences positively the differentiation of the neural stem cells into neurons.…”
The electrical double layer (EDL) formed at the interface between various materials and an electrolyte has been studied for a long time. In particular, the EDL formed at metal/electrolyte interfaces is central in electrochemistry, with a plethora of applications ranging from corrosion to batteries to sensors. The discovery of highly conductive conjugated polymers has opened a new area of electronics, involving solution-based or solution-interfaced devices, and in particular in bioelectronics, namely for use in deep-brain stimulation electrodes and devices to measure and condition cells activity, as these materials offer new opportunities to interface cells and living tissues. Here, it is shown that the potential associated to the double layer formed at the interface between either metals or conducting polymers and electrolytes is modified by the application of an electric field along the conductive substrate. The EDL acts as a transducer of the electric field applied to the conductive substrate. This observation has profound implications in the modelling and operation of devices relying on interfaces between conductive materials (metals and conjugated polymers) and electrolytes, which encompasses various application fields ranging from medicine to electronics.
“…The selection of this geometry is due to the fact that ITO has a higher conductivity (3300 S/cm) than the PEDOT:PPS film (5 S/cm), thereby allowing a spatial localization for the electrical double layer potential assessment. This set up is similar to the one we have been using in the study of electrical stimulation of neural stem cells 14 – 16 . Figure 1 ( a ) Structure of a cross-linked PEDOT:PSS-based setup, consisting on three probing ITO stripes (ca.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The most relevant situations, and those that are better understood and characterised, involve interfaces between metallic systems and electrolytes. With the discovery of the conjugated polymers 3 and our ability to tune their conductivity, several applications have been developed, namely those involving their interfaces with electrolytes as an active component 4 – 16 . The EDL formed at the interface between such highly conductive systems and electrolytes is anticipated to share similarities with the metal/electrolyte situation.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This study was motivated by our recent works on the application of electric fields to PEDOT:PSS films supporting neural stem cells culture to influence their differentiation 14 – 16 . In particular, we found that the application of an electric field along the PEDOT:PSS substrate influences positively the differentiation of the neural stem cells into neurons.…”
The electrical double layer (EDL) formed at the interface between various materials and an electrolyte has been studied for a long time. In particular, the EDL formed at metal/electrolyte interfaces is central in electrochemistry, with a plethora of applications ranging from corrosion to batteries to sensors. The discovery of highly conductive conjugated polymers has opened a new area of electronics, involving solution-based or solution-interfaced devices, and in particular in bioelectronics, namely for use in deep-brain stimulation electrodes and devices to measure and condition cells activity, as these materials offer new opportunities to interface cells and living tissues. Here, it is shown that the potential associated to the double layer formed at the interface between either metals or conducting polymers and electrolytes is modified by the application of an electric field along the conductive substrate. The EDL acts as a transducer of the electric field applied to the conductive substrate. This observation has profound implications in the modelling and operation of devices relying on interfaces between conductive materials (metals and conjugated polymers) and electrolytes, which encompasses various application fields ranging from medicine to electronics.
“…Enhanced functionalities are particularly important to improve the biomimicry of electroconductive tissues. For instance, it has now been widely accepted that conductive environments promote neural proliferation and differentiation ( Garrudo et al., 2021 ; Wang et al., 2017 ). In addition, the development of bioelectronic systems and devices relies on the interface between biological and electroconductive systems.…”
“…Electrically conductive biomaterials can efficiently deliver electrical signals to cells and improve electrical communication among the cells [28,29]. Some conducting polymers, such as polypyrolle, polyaniline, and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) have been used in preparation of scaffold, since a very long time [30][31][32]. However, besides the numerous advantages, we face low biocompatibility in use of these polymers.…”
An important strategy in neural tissue engineering involves imparting electrical properties to the regenerative template to encourage cell proliferation and differentiation. Several clinical studies have confirmed that direct or indirect electrical stimulation therapy greatly impacts the treatment of peripheral and central nerve injury. Nerve regeneration can be accelerated by the application of electrical stimulations of different methods and with varying parameters. For a long period, electrical stimulation along with conventional conductive polymers have played an important role in nerve tissue regeneration, due to their conductivity. However, the low biocompatibility of these materials has brought attention toward the need for the alternative of the conductive polymers. Carbon nanofillers (graphene, nanotubes, and their derivatives) have been showing promising results in bioimaging, biosensing, and composites, simultaneously, proving themselves as a prospective biomaterial in neural tissue repair and regeneration due to their excellent electrical and mechanical properties, alongside, biocompatibility. Therefore, carbon nanofiller-based scaffolds synchronized with electrical stimulation may lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of nerve injury. This review article focuses on the influence of the electrical properties of carbon-based material on nerve tissue engineering. In this article, we explicitly focus on the different methods to deliver electrical stimulation and the pathways involved in the differentiation of neuronal cells. Emphasis is given to the analysis of the suitable fabrication strategies of carbon-based neural scaffold and the way its interfaces interact with neurons for promoting neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, this review summarizes the ongoing advancements to augment the conductivity and biological activities (cell adhesion, proliferation, neural differentiation, neurite outgrowth), as well as to reduce the potential toxicity in conductive carbon nanofiller-based scaffolds.
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