Electrical resistivity of Au-ZnO nanocomposite films

Argibay, Nicolas; Goeke, Ronald S.; Dugger, Michael Thomas; Rodriguez, M. A.; Michael, Joseph R.; Prasad, Somuri V.

doi:10.1063/1.4800874

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…As-deposited films show a non-linear increase in hardness with the addition of ZnO particles likely due to a combination of strengthening methods. The hardness increase due to increasing additions of ZnO particles scales similarly to that previously shown by Argibay et al [35], with an increase of about 1.8 GPa from pure Au to 2.0% ZnO. Overall magnitude differences between this study and that previous work on similar films are likely attributable to the indentation size effect (ISE), with tests in the current study being at depths significantly smaller than the previous work.…”

Section: Annealing Effect On Hardnesssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Comparing the current results to that of other ODS Au films [21,35,55] show substantial similarities in both total magnitude as well as general trends when comparing the impact of volume fraction of oxide particles dispersed in Au for both hardness and electrical resistivity. Although the suite of these studies used different deposition techniques (reactive physical vapor deposition [21,55] and ebeam evaporation [35]), leading to slightly different microstructures, the overall trend of substantially increasing hardness while only slightly increasing resistivity remains the same.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Au-ZnO ODS thin films were deposited on single crystal silicon wafers (t s = 550 lm and biaxial elastic modulus, M = 180.5 GPa) using dual source e-beam evaporation to a thickness of approximately 2 lm as was previously described by Argibay and coworkers [35]. Titanium and platinum (250 nm each) were used as adhesion/diffusion barrier layers between the film and Si substrate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where k is the mean free path of the electrons (44 nm at 298 K [35]), d is the grain diameter according to EBSD scans, R is the probability of reflection at a grain boundary, x is the volume fraction of deposited Zn in the grains, and C ZnO is the scattering coefficient due to ZnO particles in the matrix. The grain boundary scattering contribution was calculated based on a similar area fraction approach as was used to calculate the Hall-Petch strengthening component (Section 3.3.1).…”

Section: Annealing Effect On Resistivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical and electrical performance of thermally stable Au–ZnO films

Schoeppner

Goeke²,

Moody

et al. 2015

Acta Materialia

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The mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical performance of Au-ZnO composite thin films are determined in this work. The co-deposition of ZnO with Au via physical vapor deposition leads to grain refinement over that of pure Au; the addition of 0.1 vol.% ZnO reduces the as-grown grain size by over 30%. The hardness of the as-grown films doubles with 2% ZnO, from 1.8 to 3.6 GPa as measured by nanoindentation. Films with ZnO additions greater than 0.5% show no significant grain growth after annealing at 350°C, while pure gold and smaller additions do exhibit grain growth and subsequent mechanical softening. Films with 1% and 2% ZnO show a decrease of approximately 50% in electrical resistivity and no change in hardness after annealing. A model accounting for both changes in the interface structure between dispersed ZnO particles and the Au matrix captures the changes in mechanical and electrical resistivity. The addition of 1-2% ZnO co-deposited with Au provides a method to create mechanically hard and thermally stable films with a resistivity less than 80 nO-m. These results complement previous studies of other alloying systems, suggesting oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) gold shows a desirable hardness-resistivity relationship that is relatively independent of the particular ODS chemistry.

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Section: Annealing Effect On Hardnesssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Annealing Effect On Resistivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical and electrical performance of thermally stable Au–ZnO films

Schoeppner

Goeke²,

Moody

et al. 2015

Acta Materialia

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“…35 For the traditional Au-Ni coating, the co-deposited Ni is relatively insoluble at low temperatures and tends to segregate at the grain boundaries of the Au matrix during deposition, resulting in the strengthening effect of electron scattering and leading to the reduction of electrical conductivity. 36 Therefore, the electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity of Au-Ni coating decreased to 3.25 ± 0.03 (×10 −8…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Au-Ni-TiO₂Nano-Composite Coatings Prepared by Sol-Enhanced Method

Wang

Wei

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Gold coatings are widely used in many fields for their shining color, excellent corrosion resistance, and electrical conductivity. However, they are not mechanically strong with low wear resistance. In this paper, we have prepared nano-composite Au-Ni-TiO 2 coatings by our newly developed sol-enhanced electroplating method. In order to obtain the optimal mechanical properties, a systematic study of Au-Ni-x TiO 2 coatings with different sol concentrations (x is the sol doping concentration from 0 to 25 mmol/L) has been conducted. It was found that nano-particles (3-12 nm) of TiO 2 were highly dispersed in the coating matrix. The mechanical properties of sol-enhanced nano-composite coating were significantly increased. The nano-hardness of the coatings was improved from 2.55 ± 0.13 GPa to 3.20 ± 0.15 GPa. Consequently, the scratch resistance and wear resistance of the sol-enhanced coating were also improved significantly. Meanwhile, the electrical resistivity of the sol-enhanced coatings keeps a same level as the pure Au-Ni coatings. Gold (Au) and gold alloy have been widely used in various applications for their unique properties such as beautiful/shining color, high chemical stability, good ductility, excellent conductivity, and good weldability.1-5 Au, Au alloy and Au based composite coatings have been synthesized by various technologies, such as E-Beam Evaporation, Magnetron Sputtering, Sol-gel deposition, Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD), Electrochemical Over-potential Deposition (OPD), and Electroplating.6-9 Among these fabrication methods, electroplating method is a simple way to fabricate gold coatings because of its energy effectiveness, time efficiency, without using vacuum technology and the controllability of coating thickness and grain size. 10In order to improve the hardness of pure Au, alloy elements such as Co and Ni were co-deposited with Au, which is known as hard Au. Hard Au can be used on decoration surface and electrical components where shining color, chemical inertness and good wear resistance are combined. As expected, however, the electrical conductivity decreased with increasing mechanical strength. 11,12For the requirements mentioned above, the mechanical properties such as wear resistance and hardness of coatings are the most important factors which dominate the durability and service life of coated parts. In the past decades, many attempts were devoted to improve the mechanical properties of Au coatings. One of the popular methods is using hard particles to form composite coatings. [13][14][15] It is widely accepted that the highly dispersive nano-particles in composites can realize good strengthening effect. In order to achieve good dispersion of nano-particles, the electrolyte has be to maintained by special techniques, such as vigorous agitation, air injection, and/or adding surfactants. However, it is difficult to achieve good suspension because of the small particle size and large surface energy, which caused agglomeration of the nano-particles. The surface appearance of Au based ...

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