Electrical measurements in the atmosphere and the ionosphere over an active thunderstorm: 2. Direct current electric fields and conductivity

Holzworth, R. H.; Kelley, M. C.; Siefring, C. L.; Hale, L. C.; Mitchell, John

doi:10.1029/ja090ia10p09824

Cited by 116 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…These amplitudes are smaller than those observed at STEREO and are generally peaked at frequencies less than 1 kHz for the lightning whistlers, suggesting that the whistlers observed on STEREO are not attenuated versions of whistlers propagating from lower altitudes. However, we note that the ionospheric conductivity profile can have local order of magnitude or more fluctuations above thunderstorms [Holzworth et al, 1985], and we cannot rule out this possibility. Regardless of the absolute attenuation, the relative attenuation between lightning and transmitter VLF waves is expected to be similar because they both propagate in the whistler mode.…”

Section: Wave Observationsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Large-amplitude transmitter-associated and lightning-associated whistler waves in the Earth's inner plasmasphere atL< 2

et al. 2011

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[1] We report observations of very large amplitude whistler mode waves in the Earth's nightside inner radiation belt enabled by the STEREO Time Domain Sampler. Amplitudes range from 30-110 mV/m (zero-peak), 2 to 3 orders of magnitude larger than previously observed in this region. Measurements from the peak electric field detector (TDSMax) indicate that these large-amplitude waves are prevalent throughout the plasmasphere. A detailed examination of high time resolution electric field waveforms is undertaken on a subset of these whistlers at L < 2, associated with pump waves from lightning flashes and the naval transmitter NPM in Hawaii, that become unstable after propagation through the ionosphere and grow to large amplitudes. Many of the waveforms undergo periodic polarization reversals near the lower hybrid and NPM naval transmitter frequencies. The reversals may be related to finite plasma temperature and gradients in density induced by ion cyclotron heating of the plasma at 200 Hz, the modulation frequency of the continuous-mode NPM naval transmitter signal. Test particle simulations using the amplitudes and durations of the waves observed herein suggest that they can interact strongly with high-energy (>100 keV) electrons on a time scale of <1 s and thus may be an important previously unaccounted for source of energization or pitch-angle scattering in the inner radiation belt.

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Section: Wave Observationsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Large-amplitude transmitter-associated and lightning-associated whistler waves in the Earth's inner plasmasphere atL< 2

et al. 2011

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“…Whenever an atmospheric electric field threshold is reached -air electrical breakdown is ~15 kVcm -1 , depending of altitude and atmospheric conditions, but the actual threshold field is smaller due to mechanisms poorly understood -a lightning discharge occurs and broadband radiation is emitted (Rakov and Uman, 2007). Under such conditions, atmospheric conductivity varies significantly within the cloud and even above the thunderstorm (e.g., Holzworth et al, 1985). Local, intense electric fields in the order of 1-5 kVm -1 were also observed during snow storms in Antarctica (Frank-Kamenetsky et al, 2010).…”

Section: The Ac and DC Global Electric Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conductivity profile is often represented as a "knee-model" with two scale heights respectively below and above a transition layer at ~ 50 km, the altitude where the magnitude of displacement and conduction currents is similar (e.g., Greifinger and Greifinger, 1978). The conductivity variation with latitude is often neglected because the latitudinal gradient in the troposphere and stratosphere is small compared to the gradient in the vertical direction (e.g., Holzworth et al, 1985). In such a case spherically symmetric analytical solutions may be sought (Sentman, 1990).…”

Section: Medium Parameterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Phenomena Related to Tropospheric-Ionospheric Coupling Mechanisms

et al. 2011

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Investigation of coupling mechanisms between the troposphere and the ionosphere requires a multidisciplinary approach involving several branches of atmospheric sciences, from meteorology, atmospheric chemistry, and fulminology to aeronomy, plasma physics, and space weather. In this work, we review low frequency electromagnetic wave propagation in the Earthionosphere cavity from a troposphere-ionosphere coupling perspective. We discuss electromagnetic wave generation, propagation, and resonance phenomena, considering atmospheric, ionospheric and magnetospheric sources, from lightning and transient luminous events at low altitude to Alfven waves and particle precipitation related to solar and magnetospheric processes. We review in situ ionospheric processes as well as surface and space weather phenomena that drive troposphere-ionosphere dynamics. Effects of aerosols, water vapor distribution, thermodynamic parameters, and cloud charge separation and electrification processes on atmospheric electricity and electromagnetic waves are reviewed. We also briefly revisit ionospheric irregularities such as spread-F and explosive spread-F, sporadic-E, traveling ionospheric disturbances, Trimpi effect, and hiss and plasma turbulence. Regarding the role of the lower boundary of the cavity, we review transient surface phenomena, including seismic activity, earthquakes, volcanic processes and dust electrification. The role of surface and https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120011991 2018-05-12T18:35:14+00:00Z atmospheric gravity waves in ionospheric dynamics is also briefly addressed. We summarize analytical and numerical tools and techniques to model low frequency electromagnetic wave propagation and solving inverse problems and summarize in a final section a few challenging subjects that are important for a better understanding of tropospheric-ionospheric coupling mechanisms.

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“…(Holzworth et al, 1985). The results for z min , z max and ∆z T for each case are given in the Table.…”

Section: Results and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Book of Proceedings: Seventh Workshop, Sunny Beach, Bulgaria, 1-5 June 2015

2015

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Kalinichenko, A.A. Konovalenko1 A.I.Brazhenko, V.V. Solov'ev CME Bubnov, A.A. Stanislavsky, A.A. Konovalenko, S. Yerin, A.A. Gridin, A.A. Koval Advances in solar bursts observations by the low-frequency radio telescopes of a new age Abstract.The GOES data for the flare proton energies of 10 -100 MeV are analyzed. Proton fluxes ~ 10 32 acceleration takes at the current sheet decay. Proton acceleration of in a flare occurs along a singular line of the current sheet by the Lorentz electric field, as in the pinch gas discharge. The pulse of protons duration is by 2 -3 orders of magnitude longer than the duration of flares. The high-energy proton flow from the flares that appear on the Western part of the solar disk arrive to Earth with the time of flight. These particles propagate along magnetic lines of the Archimedes spiral connecting the flare with the Earth. Protons from the flare on the Eastern part of the solar disk begin to register with a delay of more than three hours. Such particles cannot get on the magnetic field line connecting the flare with the Earth. These protons reach the Earth, moving across the interplanetary magnetic field. The particles captured by the magnetic field of the solar wind are transported with solar wind and due to diffusion across the magnetic field. The patterns of solar cosmic rays generation demonstrated in this report are not detected during the small (Ф ≤ 1 см -2 с -1 стер -1 ) proton events. IntroductionAbout 30% of big flares (class X and even less class M) are accompanied by a flux of relativistic protons. Part of these protons hits the Sun and causes nuclear reactions. The other part of the protons propagates into the interplanetary medium. Despite decades of the effort, the relativistic flare protons remain the least studied manifestation of the flare [1]. The energy of the charged particles in the interplanetary plasma can change only due to the emission or movement along the electric field MdV/dt = eE + e[V×B]/c. The change of the energy of a particle moving in the field is dW = eE r dr. The electric field may be of different origin: the field of another charged particle (at a collision), space charge field, in particular due to polarization of charges in the plasma, the field induction dB/dt, etc. At the scattering by inhomogeneities of the magnetic field the particle can change the energy only due to motion in the electric field associated with a magnetic field fluctuation. This was clearly articulated in the well known work of Berezhko E. G., and Krymsky G. F. [2]: "Possibility of charged particles acceleration in the plasma in the related electric fields." The change of the energy at scattering by a magnetic fluctuation is determined by the magnitude and spatial scale of the electric field in such fluctuations Two possibilities of solar cosmic rays generation are discussed in the literature: a). Proton acceleration in the Lorentz electric field E rec = -V rec ×B cs /c along the singular lines (in particular the line B=0) in the current sheet during magnetic r...

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Electrical measurements in the atmosphere and the ionosphere over an active thunderstorm: 2. Direct current electric fields and conductivity

Cited by 116 publications

References 22 publications

Large-amplitude transmitter-associated and lightning-associated whistler waves in the Earth's inner plasmasphere atL< 2

Large-amplitude transmitter-associated and lightning-associated whistler waves in the Earth's inner plasmasphere atL< 2

A Review of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Phenomena Related to Tropospheric-Ionospheric Coupling Mechanisms

Book of Proceedings: Seventh Workshop, Sunny Beach, Bulgaria, 1-5 June 2015

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