Electrical and Thermoelectric Transport by Variable Range Hopping in Thin Black Phosphorus Devices

Choi, Seon Jae; Kim, Bum-Kyu; Lee, Tae‐Ho; Kim, Yun Ho; Li, Zuanyi; Pop, Eric; Kim, Ju‐Jin; Song, J. H.; Bae, Myung‐Ho

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04957

Cited by 68 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…[105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113] Ah igher ZT value at ag iven temperature requires as uitable combination of high electrical conductivity and al ow thermal conductivity.AZT value of about 1i sc rucial for good thermoelectric materials to compete with conventional power generators.I nterestingly,t he electrical and thermal conductance of BP is not only anisotropic but exhibit orthogonally preferred conducting directions. TE materials undergo ad irect solid-state interconversion of thermal to electric energy.T he TE performance and efficiency are characterized by the dimensionless TE figure of merit ZT.…”

Section: Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Phosphorus Rediscovered: From Bulk Material to Monolayers

2017

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Phosphorus is a nonmetal with several allotropes, from the highly reactive white phosphorus to the thermodynamically stable black phosphorus (BP) with a puckered orthorhombic layered structure. The bulk form of BP was first synthesized in 1914, but received little attention until it was rediscovered in 2014 as a member of the new wave of 2D layered nanomaterials. BP can be exfoliated to a single sheet that acts as a semiconductor with a tunable direct band gap, a high carrier mobility at room temperature, and an in-plane anisotropy. The development of BP applications is hampered by surface degradation, thus efforts to achieve effective BP passivation are ongoing, such as its integration in van der Waals heterostructures. BP has been tested as a novel nanomaterial in batteries, transistors, sensors, and photonics. This Review begins with the origin of the BP story, following the path from a bulk material to modern few/single layers. The physical and chemical properties are summarized, and the state-of-the-art of BP applications highlighted.

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Section: Physical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Phosphorus Rediscovered: From Bulk Material to Monolayers

2017

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“…Phosphorene seems to satisfy all the key 2D Mott's variable range hopping is a dominant in-plane electrical and thermoelectric transport mechanism. 89 For the outof-plane electronic transport in hetereostructures, thermionic emission over the Schottky barrier determines charge transport at high temperatures, whereas hopping transport dominates only at low temperatures. 85 Phosphorene-based device structures show high photosensitivity and high-performance broad spectral range photodetectors have been demonstrated.…”

Section: Applications Of Phosphorene Electronic Devices and Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications of phosphorene

et al. 2017

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Since its first fabrication by exfoliation in 2014, phosphorene has been the focus of rapidly expanding research activities. The number of phosphorene publications has been increasing at a rate exceeding that of other two-dimensional materials. This tremendous level of excitement arises from the unique properties of phosphorene, including its puckered layer structure. With its widely tunable band gap, strong in-plane anisotropy, and high carrier mobility, phosphorene is at the center of numerous fundamental studies and applications spanning from electronic, optoelectronic, and spintronic devices to sensors, actuators, and thermoelectrics to energy conversion, and storage devices. Here, we review the most significant recent studies in the field of phosphorene research and technology. Our focus is on the synthesis and layer number determination, anisotropic properties, tuning of the band gap and related properties, strain engineering, and applications in electronics, thermoelectrics, and energy storage. The current needs and likely future research directions for phosphorene are also discussed. , there has been a quest for new two-dimensional (2D) materials aimed at fully exploring new fundamental phenomena stemming from quantum confinement and size effects. This quest has spurred new areas of research with rapid growth from both theoretical and experimental fronts aimed at technological advancements. Among recently discovered 2D materials, phosphorene is one of the most intriguing due to its exotic properties and numerous foreseeable applications.2 This review discusses recent advances in phosphorene research with special emphasis on: (i) fabrication and techniques for rapid identification of the number of layers; (ii) anisotropic behavior; (iii) band gap and property tuning; (iv) strain engineering and mechanical properties; (v) devices and applications; and (vi) future directions.2D materials composed of a single-atom-thick or a singlepolyhedral-thick layer can be grouped into diverse categories.

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“…Based on the parameters obtained from fitting r and S, we also determine the density of states and slope of the density of states at the Fermi level, listed in Table I, assuming a À1 ¼ 25 nm (Ref. 15). The average hopping distance R is estimated from R $ 0:375ðT 0 =TÞ 1=4 a À1 .…”

Section: -3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12,13 More interestingly, BP is a strongly anisotropic material even in the basal plane: the thermal conductivity is much higher along the zigzag than the armchair direction, while electrical conductivity shows the opposite anisotropy. 14 Choi et al 15 demonstrated that the variable range hopping (VRH) dominates electrical transport in thin BP flakes (10-30 nm thick). However, the BP flake crystal orientation was not specified in Choi and the coupling between the VRH process and the intrinsic anisotropy in BP is unclear.…”

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Variable range hopping electric and thermoelectric transport in anisotropic black phosphorus

Liu

Choe

Chen

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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Black phosphorus (BP) is a layered semiconductor with a high mobility of up to $1000 cm 2 V À1 s À1 and a narrow bandgap of $0.3 eV, and shows potential applications in thermoelectrics. In stark contrast to most other layered materials, electrical and thermoelectric properties in the basal plane of BP are highly anisotropic. To elucidate the mechanism for such anisotropy, we fabricated BP nanoribbons ($100 nm thick) along the armchair and zigzag directions, and measured the transport properties. It is found that both the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient increase with temperature, a behavior contradictory to that of traditional semiconductors. The three-dimensional variable range hopping model is adopted to analyze this abnormal temperature dependency of electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient. The hopping transport of the BP nanoribbons, attributed to high density of trap states in the samples, provides a fundamental understanding of the anisotropic BP for potential thermoelectric applications. Published by AIP Publishing. [http://dx

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Electrical and Thermoelectric Transport by Variable Range Hopping in Thin Black Phosphorus Devices

Cited by 68 publications

References 47 publications

Black Phosphorus Rediscovered: From Bulk Material to Monolayers

Black Phosphorus Rediscovered: From Bulk Material to Monolayers

Recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications of phosphorene

Variable range hopping electric and thermoelectric transport in anisotropic black phosphorus

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