Electric tractor system for family farming: Increased autonomy and economic feasibility for an energy transition

Vogt, Hans Heinrich; Melo, Rodnei Regis de; Daher, Sérgio; Schmuelling, Benedikt; Antunes, Fernando Luiz Marcelo; Santos, Priscila Alves dos; Albiero, Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.102744

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Treatment 2 had moisture values ranging between 75% and 84% of FC, and Treatment 3, in turn, had its WVC between 50% and 70%. Figure 9 shows that the behavior of the parameterized equations for the two environments was adequate since there is no bias between the variables and the mean of the residuals was equal to zero [ 37 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Montgomery [ 36 ], a linear regression must be validated from a residual analysis, where this analysis must show that the residual data between the variables do not have bias and have constant variance. The behavior of the parameterized equations for the two environments was adequate since there is no bias between the variables and the mean of the residuals was equal to zero [ 37 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water Stress Index Detection Using a Low-Cost Infrared Sensor and Excess Green Image Processing

Paulo

García

Umezu

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Precision Irrigation (PI) is a promising technique for monitoring and controlling water use that allows for meeting crop water requirements based on site-specific data. However, implementing the PI needs precise data on water evapotranspiration. The detection and monitoring of crop water stress can be achieved by several methods, one of the most interesting being the use of infra-red (IR) thermometry combined with the estimate of the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI). However, conventional IR equipment is expensive, so the objective of this paper is to present the development of a new low-cost water stress detection system using TL indices obtained by crossing the responses of infrared sensors with image processing. The results demonstrated that it is possible to use low-cost IR sensors with a directional Field of Vision (FoV) to measure plant temperature, generate thermal maps, and identify water stress conditions. The Leaf Temperature Maps, generated by the IR sensor readings of the plant segmentation in the RGB image, were validated by thermal images. Furthermore, the estimated CWSI is consistent with the literature results.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Stress Index Detection Using a Low-Cost Infrared Sensor and Excess Green Image Processing

Paulo

García

Umezu

et al. 2023

Sensors

Self Cite

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“…As a result, the CWSI may be more sensitive to temperature variations since the normalization of temperatures can be affected by the maximum and minimum limits found by NWSB. Figure 13 shows that the behavior of the parameterized equations for the two environments was adequate since there is no bias between the variables and the mean of the residuals was equal to zero [48]. is lower than the aerodynamic resistance of the air (𝑟 𝑐 ), as stated by [49].…”

Section: Authorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Stress Index Detection Using a Low-Cost Infrared Sensor and Excess Green Image Processing

Paulo¹,

García²,

Umezu³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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So that the levels of water stress are not harmful to the development of the crop and affect its productivity, its detection and monitoring are necessary, and it can occur in different ways. One of them is through the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI). This index quantifies water stress through the normalization of leaf temperature between the maximum and minimum plant temperatures as a function of evaporation conditions. The responses of a low-cost infrared (IR) sensor were crossed with image processing through segmentation by the Excess Green model to develop a water stress detection system using CWSI. A soil/plant temperature map was generated through a point-to-point scan of the IR sensor. And when it overlaid with a segmented image of the experimental area, only points identified as plants had their temperature values maintained. The Non-Water-Stressed Baseline (NWSB) equation was parameterized for the same conditions of the experiment and external environmental. The experimental area was divided into three different treatments, maintained under stable water conditions throughout the experiment and the system was able to identify stably different stress values between treatments. Although the relationship between crop and environment affected the results, this work showed that using an irrigation system based on CWSI is possible.

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“…Liu et al [13] explored the overall energy conversion efficiency of a FET when using a load torque-based control strategy to optimize motor performance for a given gearbox transmission. Vogt and Melo et al [14,15] proposed a small FET for family farming applications. Their idea was to propose a tractor with a 9 kW electric motor propelled by a low voltage battery pack, able to perform most of the simplest tasks which need to be performed in a small farm with a low cost tool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Hybrid Electric Architectures for Specialized Agricultural Tractors

2022

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In this work, a comparative numerical analysis between the performance of a conventional specialized orchard tractor and those of three different hybrid electric tractor configurations is presented. The aim was to compare several powertrain configurations in the same working scenarios derived from field measurements. Peak power capabilities and endurance were numerically tested with specific load scenarios involving both transportation mission profiles and field activities with external implements powered through the power take off of the tractor. The proposed hybrid architectures were configured with the same battery-based energy storage system to perform the comparison with the same energy storage capabilities. Two parallel, two series and one electro-hydraulic hybrid configuration were modeled and tested through simulations. The parallel ones excelled in peak power performance, whereas the series configurations had the highest fuel savings. The electro-hydraulic configuration was proposed as an alternative able to allow for a downsized engine but also for the introduction of the Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) functionality, which is always an interesting feature for such working machines.

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Electric tractor system for family farming: Increased autonomy and economic feasibility for an energy transition

Cited by 28 publications

References 32 publications

Water Stress Index Detection Using a Low-Cost Infrared Sensor and Excess Green Image Processing

Water Stress Index Detection Using a Low-Cost Infrared Sensor and Excess Green Image Processing

Water Stress Index Detection Using a Low-Cost Infrared Sensor and Excess Green Image Processing

Comparative Analysis of Hybrid Electric Architectures for Specialized Agricultural Tractors

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