Electric-field-induced condensation: An extension of the Kelvin equation

Butt, Hans‐Jürgen; Untch, Maria B.; Golriz, Ali A.; Pihan, Sascha A.; Berger, Rüdiger

doi:10.1103/physreve.83.061604

Cited by 26 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The Kelvin equation, in which the electrocapillarity effect in a uniform electric field was taken into account, but the contribution made by the potential energy of the gravitation force was neglected, was derived in work [5]. The density of the electrostatic energy (the energy per unit volume) looks like…”

Section: Kelvin Equation Making Allowance For the Electrocapillarity mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the system is in the equilibrium state, the Gibbs energy for liquid equals the Gibbs energy for vapor. In the case of vapor, this energy depends on the pressure, and the balance equation in the absence of an electric field looks like [5] = 0 + ln 0 ,…”

Section: Kelvin Equation Making Allowance For the Electrocapillarity mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bending of a concave surface is considered to be positive, and that of a convex surface to be negative. The surface bending results in the pressure change [5],…”

Section: Kelvin Equation Making Allowance For the Electrocapillarity mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature analysis [4,5] revealed that the selfconsistent theory of electrocapillarity phenomena in the AFM, although being challenging, had been developed insufficiently. As a rule, the authors consider either the cases where no electric voltage is applied to the probe and the meniscus is essentially spherical [4] or the case of a flat capacitor with a uniform electric field [5]. Some authors, instead of finding the real shape and parameters of the meniscus, assume it to be cylindrical [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Electrocapillarity on the Water Meniscus Shape In The Atomic Force Microscopy

Eliseev¹

2015

Ukr. J. Phys.

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In the framework of the analytical theory of electrocapillarity phenomena that arise in atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments, the formation of a water meniscus under the AFM probe has been considered, and its dependence on the applied voltage has been analyzed. The non-uniformity of the electric field produced by the AFM probe, the influences of gravitation forces on the meniscus height, and the dependence of the surface energy of a meniscus on its shape are taken into account self-consistently. The influence of a strong non-uniform electric field of the probe on the emergence conditions, size, and shape of the water meniscus is analyzed for the first time. The Euler-Lagrange partial differential equation and the corresponding boundary conditions making allowance for the non-uniform electric field of an AFM probe, the gravitation force, the meniscus surface tension, and the environmental humidity and describing the thermodynamics of the water meniscus formation in a self-consistent way are derived. The obtained numerical results are in agreement with known experimental data. K e y w o r d s: electrocapillarity, atomic force microscopy, water meniscus, Euler-Lagrange equation.

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Section: Kelvin Equation Making Allowance For the Electrocapillarity mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Kelvin Equation Making Allowance For the Electrocapillarity mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bending of a concave surface is considered to be positive, and that of a convex surface to be negative. The surface bending results in the pressure change [5],…”

Section: Kelvin Equation Making Allowance For the Electrocapillarity mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Influence of Electrocapillarity on the Water Meniscus Shape In The Atomic Force Microscopy

Eliseev¹

2015

Ukr. J. Phys.

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“…However, it implies large energy consumption, low switching speed due to thermal flow impediments and non-local water coverage. A better solution is to replace thermal energy with another thermodynamic force such as a strong confined electric field, to assure vapor condensation 11 in only pre-defined locations. Here we report a novel physical effect that allows tuning nanoscale friction on ionic surfaces via electric field-controlled condensation of lubricant at the moving joint from the ambient gas phase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale Lubrication of Ionic Surfaces Controlled via a Strong Electric Field

Strelcov

Kumar

Bocharova

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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Frictional forces arise whenever objects around us are set in motion. Controlling them in a rational manner means gaining leverage over mechanical energy losses and wear. This paper presents a way of manipulating nanoscale friction by means of in situ lubrication and interfacial electrochemistry. Water lubricant is directionally condensed from the vapor phase at a moving metal-ionic crystal interface by a strong confined electric field, thereby allowing friction to be tuned up or down via an applied bias. The electric potential polarity and ionic solid solubility are shown to strongly influence friction between the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and salt surface. An increase in friction is associated with the AFM tip digging into the surface, whereas reducing friction does not influence its topography. No current flows during friction variation, which excludes Joule heating and associated electrical energy losses. The demonstrated novel effect can be of significant technological importance for controlling friction in nano- and micro-electromechanical systems.

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Condensation‐Controlled Toposelective Vapor Deposition in Nano‐ and Microcavities: Theory, Methods, Applications, and Related Technologies

Lovikka¹

2022

Adv Materials Inter

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fabricable while we are facing increasing complexity in, for example, microelectronics. [6,7] For these reasons, challenges such as bad pattern alignment, [8,9] or pinch-off of pores and void formation [10][11][12][13] in top-down fabrication need to be addressed. On the other hand, a continuous film causes tradeoffs in desirable properties in many nanotechnological applications, such as losing mesoporosity while increasing the mechanical properties of an aerogel [14] or reducing catalytic activity while increasing catalyst stability against sintering. [15] To counter these problems, even atomic layer deposition (ALD), a method known for its superior conformality, has been expanded into area-selective fabrication by the addition of etching and functionalization steps in the workflow. [16][17][18][19] However, additional steps make the workflow increasingly slow, complex, and dependent on surface chemistries. There is also a growing interest in area-selectivity based on properties of precursors and substrates in ALD, [20] but new requirements on precursors would narrow down potential reagents. Furthermore, even conformal methods would leave voids inside ink-bottle-shaped pores and under composite undercuts [21] because conformal methods would clog the pore mouths before filling the internal parts. These problems have very recently revoked calls for profound changes and even a paradigm shift toward selective functionalization in the nanoscale. [18,20,[22][23][24][25] Special attention should be paid to inherently non-conformal methods, especially if they are surface-selective towards cavities. This includes both surface-selective subconformal coatings, those that coat only extremities and protrusions of a substrate, and surface-selective superconformal coatings, those that fill or coat cavities.Bottom-up approaches could eliminate the aforementioned problems while reducing the needed steps for surface-selective treatments-instead of breaking or carving things smaller and using miniaturized techniques (top-down), coatings could be grown self-aligning (bottom-up). One bottom-up category is surface-shape-selective deposition. Currently, this category has limited approaches, which are often based on either anisotropic processes such as directional plasma etching [26] or reagent flux, force fields, [27] competitive adsorption, [28] or reagents and additives with specific properties. [22] Truly bottom-up gap-filling technologies, especially those free of line-of-sight limitations, Nanotechnology drives technological progress in many frontiers, from electronics to medicine, from tougher composites to adaptive surfaces. As the feature sizes are made smaller, the importance of surfaces is increased. Many of the most powerful methods for surface manipulation are variants of vapor deposition (VD). However, VD is typically not surface-selective and, therefore, extra work steps are needed to integrate the methods into nanofabrication routines. Furthermore, many fields are moving toward 3D nanostructures, which unavoidably means...

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Electric-field-induced condensation: An extension of the Kelvin equation

Cited by 26 publications

References 40 publications

Influence of Electrocapillarity on the Water Meniscus Shape In The Atomic Force Microscopy

Influence of Electrocapillarity on the Water Meniscus Shape In The Atomic Force Microscopy

Nanoscale Lubrication of Ionic Surfaces Controlled via a Strong Electric Field

Condensation‐Controlled Toposelective Vapor Deposition in Nano‐ and Microcavities: Theory, Methods, Applications, and Related Technologies

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