“…Using American National Election Studies data, Lewis‐Beck and Skalaban () and Lewis‐Beck and Tien () find a consistent preference–expectation link in each U.S. presidential election since 1956. Similar results are found for expectations about public referenda (Granberg and Brent ; Lemert ; Rothbart ), as well as elections in Sweden (Granberg and Holmberg ; Sjöberg ), New Zealand (Babad, Hills, and O'Driscoll ; Levine and Roberts ), Israel (Babad ; Babad and Yacobos ), Canada (Johnston et al . ), the Netherlands (Irwin and van Holsteyn ), and Great Britain (McAllister and Studlar ; Nadeau, Niemi, and Amato ).…”