“…It shows the change in slope of the lines, indicating the boundary between B hom and B het . The values of S at the boundary are computed to be 85, 67, and 55 for the three experimental cases, which are quite close to the experimental value of 54 obtained by Kim and Kim 7 (a) Dimensionless supersaturation against nucleation rate and (b) dimensionless supersaturation against dimensionless solubility for nucleation rates for Y-3 experiment. 8 (a) Crystal growth rates along the outlet tube of the Y-mixer and (b) bulk diffusion and surface integration crystal growth rates along the outlet tube of the Y-mixer. …”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 77%
“…For simulation in various situations and scaling up of the device, sufficient information on the crystallization kinetics is necessary. The experimental studies on Y-mixer crystallization of HMX report only the crystal size distribution and the yield . The kinetic mechanisms acting in a Y-mixer crystallizer for the experimental range of flowrates and supersaturation are not yet known.…”
A hybrid approach incorporating a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package and process simulation
tool was employed to simulate the steady-state crystallization of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)
in a Y-mixer crystallizer. Mixing effect was intensively investigated through the three-dimensional spatial
distributions of velocity, supersaturation, kinetic rates, mean crystal size, coefficient of variation, and yield. The
hybrid approach could predict the literature experimental data on mean crystal size, coefficient of variation, and
production rate at the exit of the outlet tube reasonably by adjusting three factors (K, φhet, and f) for nucleation and
crystal growth that are difficult to determine by experiment or theory. It was found that even in a small-scale
Y-mixer crystallizer a mixing effect was evident and that nuclei were generated dominantly by primary homogeneous
nucleation and were grown at the rate controlled by both bulk diffusion and surface integration for the experimental
supersaturation range.
“…It shows the change in slope of the lines, indicating the boundary between B hom and B het . The values of S at the boundary are computed to be 85, 67, and 55 for the three experimental cases, which are quite close to the experimental value of 54 obtained by Kim and Kim 7 (a) Dimensionless supersaturation against nucleation rate and (b) dimensionless supersaturation against dimensionless solubility for nucleation rates for Y-3 experiment. 8 (a) Crystal growth rates along the outlet tube of the Y-mixer and (b) bulk diffusion and surface integration crystal growth rates along the outlet tube of the Y-mixer. …”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 77%
“…For simulation in various situations and scaling up of the device, sufficient information on the crystallization kinetics is necessary. The experimental studies on Y-mixer crystallization of HMX report only the crystal size distribution and the yield . The kinetic mechanisms acting in a Y-mixer crystallizer for the experimental range of flowrates and supersaturation are not yet known.…”
A hybrid approach incorporating a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package and process simulation
tool was employed to simulate the steady-state crystallization of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)
in a Y-mixer crystallizer. Mixing effect was intensively investigated through the three-dimensional spatial
distributions of velocity, supersaturation, kinetic rates, mean crystal size, coefficient of variation, and yield. The
hybrid approach could predict the literature experimental data on mean crystal size, coefficient of variation, and
production rate at the exit of the outlet tube reasonably by adjusting three factors (K, φhet, and f) for nucleation and
crystal growth that are difficult to determine by experiment or theory. It was found that even in a small-scale
Y-mixer crystallizer a mixing effect was evident and that nuclei were generated dominantly by primary homogeneous
nucleation and were grown at the rate controlled by both bulk diffusion and surface integration for the experimental
supersaturation range.
“…Duchesnea extracts. Duchesnea chrysantha and Duchesnea indica belong to the Rosaceae family, and their extracts show a diversity of biological properties, involving anti-biotic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and some cytotoxic features (Kim et al, 2002b; Kim et al, 2007). These extracts involve a range of chemical compounds such as triterpenes, triterpene glycodides, flavonoid glycodides and sterols (Lee et al, 1994; Qiao et al, 2009).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the same study, DIE also inhibited highly metastatic cells by reducing the secretions of MMP‐2 and urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) (Chen et al, 2017c). It was also able to decrease the cell adhesion capacity, down-regulate the N-cadherin, fibronectin, and vimentin and increase the E-cadherin expression (Kim et al, 2002b; Kim et al, 2007; Chen et al, 2017c). Another protective mechanism related with DIE is its antioxidant action which can also modulate the EMT (Hu et al, 2009; Hu et al, 2011).…”
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a self-regulated physiological process required for tissue repair that, in non-controled conditions may lead to fibrosis, angiogenesis, loss of normal organ function or cancer. Although several molecular pathways involved in EMT regulation have been described, this process does not have any specific treatment. This article introduces a systematic review of effective natural plant compounds and their extract that modulates the pathological EMT or its deleterious effects, through acting on different cellular signal transduction pathways both
in vivo
and
in vitro
. Thereby, cryptotanshinone, resveratrol, oxymatrine, ligustrazine, osthole, codonolactone, betanin, tannic acid, gentiopicroside, curcumin, genistein, paeoniflorin, gambogic acid and
Cinnamomum cassia
extracts inhibit EMT acting on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smads signaling pathways. Gedunin, carnosol, celastrol, black rice anthocyanins,
Duchesnea indica
, cordycepin and
Celastrus orbiculatus
extract downregulate vimectin, fibronectin and N-cadherin. Sulforaphane, luteolin, celastrol, curcumin, arctigenin inhibit β-catenin signaling pathways. Salvianolic acid-A and plumbagin block oxidative stress, while honokiol, gallic acid, piperlongumine, brusatol and paeoniflorin inhibit EMT transcription factors such as SNAIL, TWIST and ZEB. Plectranthoic acid, resveratrol, genistein, baicalin, polyphyllin I, cairicoside E, luteolin, berberine, nimbolide, curcumin, withaferin-A, jatrophone, ginsenoside-Rb1, honokiol, parthenolide, phoyunnanin-E, epicatechin-3-gallate, gigantol, eupatolide, baicalin and baicalein and nitidine chloride inhibit EMT acting on other signaling pathways (SIRT1, p38 MAPK, NFAT1, SMAD, IL-6, STAT3, AQP5, notch 1, PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, FAK/AKT, Hh). Despite the huge amount of preclinical data regarding EMT modulation by the natural compounds of plant, clinical translation is poor. Additionally, this review highlights some relevant examples of clinical trials using natural plant compounds to modulate EMT and its deleterious effects. Overall, this opens up new therapeutic alternatives in cancer, inflammatory and fibrosing diseases through the control of EMT process.
“…(Rosaceae) is a perennial plant, and has traditionally been used to treat congenital fever, toothache, inflammation, and cancers in Korea and China [12]. It has shown various biological and pharmacological activities, including cytotoxicity towards human cancer cell lines and antioxidation [13] [14].…”
Ellagic acid (1), 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid (2), 3,3',4-tri-O-methylellagic acid (3), isovitexin (4), kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide methyl ester (5), quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-galactopyranoside (6), ursolic acid, pomolic acid, tormentic acid, euscaphic acid, euscaphic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and maslinic acid were isolated from the AcOEt- and BuOH-soluble MeOH extract of Duchesnea chrysantha (whole plant). The isolates were subjected to in vitro bioassays to evaluate their inhibitory activity on rat-lens aldose reductase (RLAR) and formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The ellagic acids and flavonoids, compounds 1-6, exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on RLAR. However, compounds 1 and 4-6 showed excellent inhibitory activities towards the formation of AGEs. This is the first report that 4 and 6 exhibit inhibitory activity towards AR and AGEs formation.
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