El consumo de drogas en México: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones, 2011

Abstract

Introduction In the international context, Mexico is a country with low drug use level, in turn, it shows an increase when considering the most recent epidemiologic trends. In order to maintain an updated analysis of drug use in general population and to identify the most at risk groups, the National Survey of Addictions (ENA) was held in 2011. Objetive The aim of the study was to determine the lifetime prevalence for any drug and any illegal drug use at a national and regional level, in population aged 12 to 65 years. Also, to acknowledge drug consumption trends since 2002 in Mexico. Material and methods ENA 2011 survey is a randomized, multistage probabilistic study. It is representative at a national level and also for eight regions of the country, including rural and urban population. The sample was 3 849 adolescents and 12 400 adults who answered a computerized version of a standardized questionnaire containing sections of tobacco, alcohol, medical drugs (opiates, tranquilizers, sedatives, amphetamines) and illegal drugs (marijuana, cocaine, crack, hallucinogens, inhalants, heroin and methamphetamines). All participants read and signed an informed consent. Emphasis was made on the voluntary and confidential use of the information. Results The national lifetime prevalence of any drug grew between 2002 and 2011, increasing significantly from 5.0% to 7.8%, while consumption of any illegal drugs increased from 4.1% to 7.2%. By sex, in men, any drug use increased from 8.6% to 13%. Illegal drugs increased from 8.0% to 12.5%. In women, use of any drug increased from 2.1% to 3.0% and use of any illegal drug increased from 1.0% to 2.3%. Marijuana is the first drug of choice (6.5%) followed by cocaine (3.6%). Considering regions, any drug consumption grew significantly in the Western (5.5% to 10.3%), Northeast (5.5% to 10.3%), North Central (7.5% to 9.2%) and South Central (4.2% to 7.5%). As for illegal drugs, there is also a statistically significant increase in these regions, however, growth was proportionally bigger in South Central region, going from 3.5% to 6.8%. Conclusions Results from this study indicate a growth in the consumption of illegal drugs from 2002 to 2011, especially in marijuana. It also shows that men from 18 to 34 years are the most affected by this consumption, while increases in adolescent men have been low. Moreover, the study shows that those who have received some type of prevention, showed a smaller consumption prevalence, indicating that further work is needed in this area with young people to consolidate activities of health promotion and drug use prevention, working with infant population is needed, including a systematic evaluation of the actions mentioned above. In the international context, data from this study confirms that Mexico continues reporting low levels of drug consumption.

Suicide ideation and behavior in Mexico: Encodat 2016

“…The last national sample of Mexican adults that reported on suicide ideation and behavior (plan and attempts), the Mexican National Comorbidity Survey (M-NCS; Borges and colleagues, 2007) 5 was conducted in [2001][2002]. Although in the year 2005, a large survey for adolescents (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) years old) living in the great Mexico City metropolitan area reported on suicide ideation and behavior, 6,7 this survey was geographically restricted. A summary of these surveys dates from year 2010 8 and it clearly shows the limitations of both surveys to report on 12-month prevalence of suicide ideation and behavior because of the rarity of these phenomenon in Mexico and elsewhere.…”

Simultaneous consumption of drugs and their neuropsychological implications

“…Finally this report could help to future research to group the poly drug population due there is not much information about the patterns of poly drug use in Mexico, besides the National Survey of Addictions 2017 (Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones [ENA]) does not group the poly consume, only reports the incidence, kind of drug, prevalence, etc. (Villatoro et al, 2017).…”

Consumo De Alcohol, Tabaco Y Otras Drogas en Jóvenes Universitarios

“…Respecto al consumo de drogas "por primera vez" se encontró una mayor prevalencia en el grupo de edad de 16 a 21 años, estos datos coinciden con la información reportada por Fleiz et al, 2007, Sepúlveda et al, 2011y Zaldívar et al, 2011, sin embargo investigaciones recientes muestran que el consumo de drogas a nivel mundial es cada vez a edades más tempranas (Villatoro et al, 2012;Villatoro et al, 2016;Volkow et al, 2014).…”

“…Cuando se analizó el consumo de drogas ilegales por los jóvenes universitarios, los resultados mostraron que la marihuana fue la sustancia más comúnmente usada, seguida de cocaína, alucinógenos, y con una menor prevalencia las metanfetaminas y el crack o piedra, estos datos reflejan tendencias ya reportadas en otros estudios (Caravaca et al, 2015;Guerra de Andrade et al, 2012;Sepúlveda et al, 2011;Villatoro et al, 2012). El hecho de que la marihuana sea la droga ilegal más usada por los jóvenes podría estar relacionado con la valoración que hacen de esta sustancia, ya que piensan que es menos nociva que las otras drogas ilícitas, la consideran una sustancia natural y poco o nada adictiva (Cáceres, 2006).…”

“…De acuerdo al informe 2015 de la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito (UNODC), se calcula que 1 de cada 20 adultos, es decir, alrededor de 250 millones de personas de entre 15 y 64 años, consumieron por lo menos una droga en 2014, mientras que en México la prevalencia de este tipo de consumo en la población de 12 a 65 años en 2011 fue de 7.2% (Villatoro et al, 2012).…”