Eisenmenger ventricular septal defect in a Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)

Laughlin, Danielle; Ialeggio, Donna M.; Trupkiewicz, John G.; Sleeper, Margaret M.

doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2016.04.001

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Cardiovascular defects in birds have been investigated far less than in mammals, but have been described for numerous species (see Kubale et al, 2018). Ventricular septal defects have been described in a juvenile houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii) (Bailey & Kinne, 2001) and for penguins as well as various species of caged birds (Laughlin et al, 2016). Experimental manipulation of the circulation of chicken embryos has been used to investigate causal mechanisms for mammalian cardiac defects (Aranega et al, 1985;Broekhuizen et al, 1999;Ward et al, 2005;Midgett & Rugonyi, 2014), so presumably some, if not all, of the cardiovascular defects that occur in adult mammals also can appear in adult birds.…”

Section: (A) Intracardiac Shuntsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular shunting in vertebrates: a practical integration of competing hypotheses

2019

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This review explores the long‐standing question: ‘Why do cardiovascular shunts occur?’ An historical perspective is provided on previous research into cardiac shunts in vertebrates that continues to shape current views. Cardiac shunts and when they occur is then described for vertebrates. Nearly 20 different functional reasons have been proposed as specific causes of shunts, ranging from energy conservation to improved gas exchange, and including a plethora of functions related to thermoregulation, digestion and haemodynamics. It has even been suggested that shunts are merely an evolutionary or developmental relic. Having considered the various hypotheses involving cardiovascular shunting in vertebrates, this review then takes a non‐traditional approach. Rather than attempting to identify the single ‘correct’ reason for the occurrence of shunts, we advance a more holistic, integrative approach that embraces multiple, non‐exclusive suites of proposed causes for shunts, and indicates how these varied functions might at least co‐exist, if not actually support each other as shunts serve multiple, concurrent physiological functions. It is argued that deposing the ‘monolithic’ view of shunting leads to a more nuanced view of vertebrate cardiovascular systems. This review concludes by suggesting new paradigms for testing the function(s) of shunts, including experimentally placing organ systems into conflict in terms of their perfusion needs, reducing sources of variation in physiological experiments, measuring possible compensatory responses to shunt ablation, moving experiments from the laboratory to the field, and using cladistics‐related approaches in the choice of experimental animals.

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Section: (A) Intracardiac Shuntsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular shunting in vertebrates: a practical integration of competing hypotheses

2019

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“…Ventricular septal defect (VSD) consistent with Eisenmenger VSD was reported in a 45 day old female Humboldt penguin (Laughlin et al, 2016). It is likely that congenital and genetic abnormalities in free-ranging populations of all bird species are overlooked, since long-term survival to allow identification of affected birds is unlikely.…”

Section: Congenital/geneticmentioning

confidence: 89%

Sphenisciformes, Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes, Procellariiformes, and Pelecaniformes

Stidworthy

Denk

2018

Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals

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“…In the incidence of the penguin, a ventricular septal defect was detected after the Humbolt similarly presented with retarded growth. There have been reports of ventricular septal defects in two other penguins, and research suggests this defect is also the most common congenital abnormality found in caged birds [44].…”

Section: Ventricular Septal Defectsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Avian Cardiovascular Disease Characteristics, Causes and Genomics

Kubale¹,

Merry²,

Miller³

et al. 2018

Application of Genetics and Genomics in Poultry Science

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Cardiovascular disease is common in avian species and increasing commercial economic losses and demand for healthcare in the household/smallholding veterinary sector has resulted in increased research into these disorders. This in turn has highlighted the importance of breeding, genetic testing and possibilities for future prognostic and diagnostic testing. Research into avian cardiovascular genetics has rapidly accelerated. Previously much work was undertaken in mammals with information extrapolated and transferred to birds. Birds have also been used to model cardiovascular disease and therefore knowledge has become enriched due to this endeavour. Increasingly, the avian genome is being analysed in its own right. This work is assisted by the growing number of avian genomes being published. In 2015, Nature published news on the 'Bird 10K' project, which aims to sequence 10,500 extant bird species. By 2018, the Avian Genomes Consortium had published the sequences of 45 species/34 orders. This review investigates a range of avian cardiovascular disorders in order to highlight their pathologies, epidemiology and genetics in addition to avian models of heart disease. With the availability of more reference genomes, increases in the number and magnitude of avian studies and more advanced technologies, the genetics behind avian cardiovascular disorders is being unravelled.

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Eisenmenger ventricular septal defect in a Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

Cardiovascular shunting in vertebrates: a practical integration of competing hypotheses

Cardiovascular shunting in vertebrates: a practical integration of competing hypotheses

Sphenisciformes, Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes, Procellariiformes, and Pelecaniformes

Avian Cardiovascular Disease Characteristics, Causes and Genomics

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