Eggshell Based Nano-Engineered Hydroxyapatite and Poly(lactic) Acid Electrospun Fibers as Potential Tissue Scaffold

Abstract

Nanocomposite electrospun fibers were fabricated from poly(lactic) acid (PLA) and needle-like hydroxyapatite nanoparticles made from eggshells. The X-ray diffraction spectrum and the scanning electron micrograph showed that the hydroxyapatite particles are highly crystalline and are needle-liked in shape with diameters between 10 and 20 nm and lengths ranging from 100 to 200 nm. The microstructural, thermal, and mechanical properties of the electrospun fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile testing techniques. The SEM study showed that both pristine and PLA/EnHA fibers surfaces exhibited numerous pores and rough edges suitable for cell attachment. The presence of the rod-liked EnHA particles was found to increase thermal and mechanical properties of PLA fibers relative to pristine PLA fibers. The confocal optical images showed that osteoblast cells were found to attach on dense pristine PLA and PLA/HA-10 wt% fibers after 48 hours of incubation. The stained confocal optical images indicated the secretion of cytoplasmic extension linking adjoining nuclei after 96 hours of incubation. These findings showed that eggshell based nanohydroxyapatite and poly(lactic acid) fibers could be potential scaffold for tissue regeneration.

Synthesis of PLA/SBA-15 Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…At days 3, 5, and 7, the PLA/SBA-15 with 0.05% continue showing the highest cell viability in comparison with the PLA/SBA-15 with 0.05% and with 0.15% that showed low cell viability, as showed in Figure 10. This high values of cell viability of the PLA/ SBA-15 with 0.05% indicate that this composite scaffold was more favorable for cell-material interactions in the first 24 h where the topographical surface could be an important key for the proliferation of osteoblasts because cellular adhesion constitutes the previous requirement of biocompatibility of the material and then favored the proliferation of the cells, coinciding with several reports indicating that it was crucial to incorporate nanosized ceramic components in engineered scaffolds to stimulate cell biocompatibility and to improve the ability of the composite to guide osteoprogenitor cells leading to new bone formation 6,[67][68][69] . Figure 11 showed the cell-material interaction and morphology of hFOB onto the PLA/SBA-15 with 0.05% fiber composite analyzed by SEM and fluorescence microscopy.…”

Optimizing the electrospun parameters which affect the preparation of nanofibers

“…Pant et al produced nanofiber composite from (gelatin/nylon-6) and studied effect of gelatin concentration on the efficiency of the produced nanofiber and used the product as scaffold to tissue engineering [137]. Yao et al prepared nanofiber by electrospun of PCL/PLA blend and studied the product to use it in tissue engineering application [138].…”

State-of-the-Art of Eggshell Waste in Materials Science: Recent Advances in Catalysis, Pharmaceutical Applications, and Mechanochemistry

“…ES is used as an inexpensive Ca 2+ source for the development of medications (Rovensky et al, 2003 ; Siemiradzka et al, 2018 ), as particles for drug delivery (Jayasree et al, 2018 ; Verma et al, 2019 ), within organic matrix/mineral nanocomposites as potential tissue scaffolds in bone grafting (Apalangya et al, 2019 ; Shafiei et al, 2019 ; Trakoolwannachai et al, 2019 ; Wu et al, 2019 ; Ingole et al, 2020 ), and in food supplements (El-Shibiny et al, 2018 ; Islam et al, 2019 ; El-Zeftawy et al, 2020 ).…”

“…The design of mineral composites themselves and organic matrix/mineral composites (OM/MC) as potential tissue scaffolds is another interesting application of ES. ESP or ESP-derived HA are implanted into the organic matrix, to enhance its mechanical properties and thermal stability, increasing simultaneously specific surface area to provide osteoblast-like cells infiltration and better adhesion (Apalangya et al, 2019 ; Trakoolwannachai et al, 2019 ; Wu et al, 2019 ). Ca-based minerals seem to stimulate osteoblast differentiation and proliferation in vitro and in vivo .…”

“…The shape of the particles and the associated specific surface area are important characteristics for cell viability in the process of bone grafting. A potential scaffold for tissue regeneration was described in Apalangya et al ( 2019 ), where ESP-derived nano-dispersed HA and poly(lactic) acid electrospun fibers composite (PLA/HA) was fabricated. HA particles were obtained from a pre-milled ES/ethanol/water/propylene glycol suspension using two sets of 6 × 3 mm and 12 × 6 mm diameter stainless-steel balls simultaneously, followed by the addition of diammonium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium hydroxide solution.…”