Functional
nucleic acid (NA)-based drugs have a broad range of
applications since they allow the alteration and control of gene/protein
expression patterns in cells. In principle, functional NAs need to
be transported precisely and efficiently to target cells to guarantee
both functionality and safety. Owing to their negative charges, it
is difficult for natural NAs to cross the cell membrane composed of
lipid bilayer and enter targeted cells. Worse still, the delivery
of undirected functional NAs to nontargeted healthy cells and/or tissues
would induce unpredictable adverse effects. Therefore, the precisely
targeted delivery of functional NAs to specific cells/organs, particularly
in extrahepatic sites, is required. Since aptamers can bind to various
proteins on the cell surface with high specificity and selectivity,
they can serve as the molecular recognition units to accurately bind
target cells and subsequently enable the efficient delivery of cargo.
In this perspective, we summarize the original, proof-of-concept aptamer-based
strategies for the targeted delivery of functional NAs. A few specific
examples are then discussed, followed by our perspectives on some
of the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.