Effluent-free deep dyeing of cotton fabric with cacao husk extracts using the Taguchi optimization method

Abstract

Textile dyehouses are under scrutiny because they discharge colored and hazardous effluents to waterways. There is a need to develop an alternative dyeing system that does not produce any hazardous effluent. The waterless dyeing method could be a viable eco-friendly alternative to the traditional aqueous dyeing method. In this work, cacao husk extracts were used as a natural dye in the decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) medium for the dyeing of cotton fabric, and subsequently, the dyed cotton was treated by a fixation treatment with a cationic dye-fixing agent in the D5 medium. The cotton fabric dyed with cacao husk extracts exhaustion in the waterless D5 medium exhibited better exhaustion, fixation rate, color strength (K/S), and colorfastness to washing and rubbing compared to the fabric dyed with the same extracts using the conventional aqueous dyeing and dye-fixing methods. The dye exhaustion percentage and the dye fixation rate were 95.6% and 94.8% in the D5 medium respectively, which is significantly higher in comparison to a 48.2% dye exhaustion percentage and a 35.3% dye fixation rate in the conventional water medium. An orthogonal array design (L9 ) was adopted to optimize the dyeing conditions with respect to exhaustion percentage. The results indicated that the dyebath temperature was the most important factor for achieving the optimal dye exhaustion, and dyeing time also showed considerable effects. Linear regression was used to predict the exhaustion percentage, and the resulting p value of 0.000 demonstrated that a strong coefficient was proven among all selected factors. This study has demonstrated that dyeing of cotton fabric with cacao husk extracts in the D5 dyeing system can be a viable method for the textile industry with minimal environmental pollution.

Extraction of Natural Dye from Aerial Parts of Argy Wormwood Based on Optimized Taguchi Approach and Functional Finishing of Cotton Fabric

“…There are plants, insects, and minerals from which bio-colorants can be extracted and which are environment-friendly and biodegradable. Moreover, many natural dyes have medicinal properties, as they are composed of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, etc., which not only impart color to the materials but also exert functional properties including antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. The main problems for natural dyes to compete with synthetic dyes are low yields, few colors, high cost, and above all, non-reproducibility in color.…”

Toward improved performance of reactive dyeing on cotton fabric using process sensitivity analysis

“…Suppose a parameter is placed close to the horizontal line; in that case, this indicates a non-influential specific parameter on the process. The parameter has a maximum slope with the horizontal line, which reflects the most impactful factor on the process (Hossain et al. , 2021a).…”

“…Suppose a parameter is placed close to the horizontal line; in that case, this indicates a noninfluential specific parameter on the process. The parameter has a maximum slope with the horizontal line, which reflects the most impactful factor on the process (Hossain et al, 2021a). It can be seen from Figure 4, the dyebath pH (D), dye-fixing temperature (B), dye mass (A), dye-fixing time (E) and electrolyte concentration (C) had significant influences on T%, while material to liquid ratio (F) exhibited relatively little effect.…”

“…The light absorbance values of the dyebath solution before and after dyeing and the residual soaping solution were recorded at the wavelength of maximum absorption (560 nm) with a UV–visible spectrophotometer (TU-1900 UV–VIS, PERSEE, China). The dye exhaustion percentage ( E %), fixation rate ( F %) and total fixation efficiency ( T %) were calculated using Eqs (1)–(3) (Hossain et al. , 2021a).…”

Combination of Pre- and Post-Mercerization Processes for Cotton Fabric

“…The exhaustion percentage ( E %) of dye can be defined as the mass of dye adsorbed onto the fabric after the dyeing process (Equation (1)) [ 18 , 19 ], where A 0 is the absorbance of dye solution before dyeing and A 1 indicates the residual dye solution absorbance after dyeing. Next, the dye fixation rate ( F %) was determined by measuring the mass of dye fixed in the fabric, followed by the soaping process with the mass of dye adsorbed after exhaustion dyeing onto the fabric (Equation (2)), where A 2 is the absorbance of the soaped solution.…”