Efficient video encryption scheme based on advanced video coding

A Survey of H.264 AVC/SVC Encryption

“…In intra-coding the pixel data of a block can be either predicted on the basis of previous block data (in raster scan order) or transmitted directly (I PCM mode). The prediction mode has to be signalled in the bitstream, modification of the intra-prediction modes for encryption has been proposed in [1], [36], [7], [39], [37], [38], [40], [56], [62]. A visual example of a encryption of the intra-prediction modes is shown in figure 10(a).…”

“…The motion vector data are subject to further processing before entropy coding, i.e., motion vector prediction, which yields motion vector differences. The modification of motion vectors and motion vector difference data for encryption has been proposed frequently [36], [39], [30], [44], [74], [18], [28], [38], [42], [66], [37], [40], [62]. The schemes to modify the motion vectors and motion vector differences are diverse, e.g., many propose sign encryption [39], [74], [66], [62], while other encrypt the suffix of the exponential Golomb code [38], [40].…”

“…The schemes to modify the motion vectors and motion vector differences are diverse, e.g., many propose sign encryption [39], [74], [66], [62], while other encrypt the suffix of the exponential Golomb code [38], [40]. In [40] the encryption of the exponential Golomb codes is proposed as illustrated in table II.…”

“…Many proposals modify the signs of the coefficients [39], [74], [32], [28], [12], [13], [33], [37], [38], [40], [56], [67]. If CAVLC encoding is applied, the context-adaptive coding makes it complex to integrate format-compliant and length-preserving encryption of the coefficients other than sign encryption.…”

“…Many of the codewords in CAVLC are coded with exponential Golomb codes, which can be encrypted formatcompliantly (see table II). The exponential Golomb code encryption scheme is employed frequently [7], [39], [40]. In [40] the intra prediction modes and the motion vector differences are encrypted in this fashion.…”