Efficient hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived bio-oil to hydrocarbon fuels over bifunctional RuCoWx/NC catalysts

Lignin for energy applications – state of the art, life cycle, technoeconomic analysis and future trends

“…A myriad of studies have been focused on the depolymerisation of lignin and further hydrodeoxygenation into hydrocarbons, passing by thermo-, photo-, electro and bio-catalytic routes, all of which consider lignin properties, reactivity and catalysts features. 263,[265][266][267][268] Regarding bio-catalytic approaches, inspired by nature, enzymatic systems such as peroxidases and laccases has been investigated for lignin depolymerisation under mild conditions leading to the production of aromatics with low-molecular weight. Nonetheless, the employment of such biomimetic strategies also requires the reduction of the use of enzyme cofactors, whose price could affect the costefficiency of the overall process.…”

Enhancing the anisole hydrodeoxygenation activity over Ni/Nb2O5−xby tuning the oxophilicity of the support

“…Much attention has been paid to developing heterogeneous catalysts for the direct HDO of lignin and lignin oil for obtaining cycloalkanes. 6–9 Owing to the complex and recalcitrant structure of lignin, various lignin model compounds ( e.g. , cresol, anisole, guaiacol, etc. )…”

“…Much attention has been paid to developing heterogeneous catalysts for the direct HDO of lignin and lignin oil for obtaining cycloalkanes. [6][7][8][9] Owing to the complex and recalcitrant structure of lignin, various lignin model compounds (e.g., cresol, anisole, guaiacol, etc.) have been extensively studied to understand the deoxygenation ability of specific catalysts and gain fundamental insight into the mechanistic pathway of these phenolic compounds.…”

Producing Lignin and Ethyl Levulinate from Wheat Stalk Using 1-(3-Sulfobutyl) Triethylammonium Hydrogen Sulfate and USY Zeolite

“…Given these properties of lignin, various applications have been widely recognized, such as additives for composite materials, antioxidants, anticancer agents, adsorbents for heavy metal ions and dyes, etc . Meanwhile, lignin as an aromatic polymer consisting of phenylpropane units can be further converted to value-added aromatics, fuels, etc . , Therefore, separating lignin from the nonedible biomass and further converting it into value-added compounds are attractive for practical applications. Nowadays, the main methods for lignin separation from lignocellulose include alkali treatment, acid treatment, organic solvent treatment, the use of sub- or supercritical technology, etc . , In the development of the lignin separation process from lignocellulose, finding the source of negligible lignin and a suitable solvent, and designing a low-energy cost process are the major concerns.…”