“…Singlet oxygen, which is molecular oxygen in its lowest excited electronic state, is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is photochemically formed by the action of an irradiation light on a photosensitizer in the presence of molecular oxygen. It is involved in the degradation of pollutants ( Latch et al, 2003 ; Liu & Sun, 2011 ; Kim et al, 2012 ; Xie et al, 2018 ; Blacha-Grzechnik et al, 2020 ) and inactivation of bacteria/virus ( Banks et al, 1985 ; Dahl et al, 1987 , Dahl et al, 1988 ; Lenard et al, 1993 ; Nitzan et al, 1995 ; Wainwright et al, 1998 ; Usacheva et al, 2001 ; Villen et al, 2006 ; Bartusik et al, 2012a ; Costa et al, 2012 ; Felgenträger et al, 2014 ; Kim et al, 2020 ). Photodynamic inactivation (PDI), which involves generating ROS such as 1 O 2 upon irradiation of a sensitizer, has been deployed to inactivate a wide range of bacteria and viruses.…”