Efficient field emission from structured gold nanowire cathodes

Navitski, A.; Müller, Günter; Sakharuk, V.; Cornelius, Thomas W.; Trautmann, C.; Karim, Shafqat

doi:10.1051/epjap/2009167

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…575 Electron field emission was demonstrated from patch arrays of Au NWs in Ref. 579, and emission at currents that were about a factor of 5 higher than expected from a simple calculation based on the aspect ratio and Fowler-Nordheim equation has been shown in Ref. 577.…”

Section: E Ion Tracks and Nwsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[572][573][574][575][576][577][578][579] Heavy ions ͑typical examples are Xe, I, and Au͒ accelerated to energies of the order of 1 MeV/amu or higher, are well known to travel in straight paths deep into materials. If the energy lost to electronic excitations ͑elec-tronic stopping͒ exceeds some material-specific threshold, the ions can produce a nanometer-wide damage track in insulators and semiconductors.…”

Section: E Ion Tracks and Nwsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…579 Although usually the NWs obtained in this manner are cylindrical, e.g., He irradiation of mica has been shown to produce diamond-shaped etch traps and thus prism-shaped NWs. 580 Sometimes the morphology is even more complex, for instance, agglomeration of the wires after they have grown long enough, can lead to a beautiful starlike pattern ͑see Fig.…”

Section: E Ion Tracks and Nwsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ion and electron irradiation-induced effects in nanostructured materials

Krasheninnikov¹,

Nordlund²

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

922

591

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A common misconception is that the irradiation of solids with energetic electrons and ions has exclusively detrimental effects on the properties of target materials. In addition to the well-known cases of doping of bulk semiconductors and ion beam nitriding of steels, recent experiments show that irradiation can also have beneficial effects on nanostructured systems. Electron or ion beams may serve as tools to synthesize nanoclusters and nanowires, change their morphology in a controllable manner, and tailor their mechanical, electronic, and even magnetic properties. Harnessing irradiation as a tool for modifying material properties at the nanoscale requires having the full microscopic picture of defect production and annealing in nanotargets. In this article, we review recent progress in the understanding of effects of irradiation on various zero-dimensional and one-dimensional nanoscale systems, such as semiconductor and metal nanoclusters and nanowires, nanotubes, and fullerenes. We also consider the two-dimensional nanosystem graphene due to its similarity with carbon nanotubes. We dwell on both theoretical and experimental results and discuss at length not only the physics behind irradiation effects in nanostructures but also the technical applicability of irradiation for the engineering of nanosystems.

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Section: E Ion Tracks and Nwsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: E Ion Tracks and Nwsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: E Ion Tracks and Nwsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ion and electron irradiation-induced effects in nanostructured materials

Krasheninnikov¹,

Nordlund²

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

922

591

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“…[1][2][3][4] One major limitation of using these high-energy ions is the damage creation in deep layers which in some applications should be avoided. The desire to confine the damage to the first few layers, which is essential for applications such as ion projection lithography, has stimulated the interest for the use of slow ͑eV-keV͒ highly charged ions ͑HCIs͒.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyramidal pits created by single highly charged ions inBaF2single crystals

et al. 2010

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In various insulators, the impact of individual slow highly charged ions ͑eV-keV͒ creates surface nanostructures, whose size depends on the deposited potential energy. Here we report on the damage created on a cleaved BaF 2 ͑111͒ surface by irradiation with 4.5ϫ q keV highly charged xenon ions from a roomtemperature electron-beam ion trap. Up to charge states q = 36, no surface topographic changes on the BaF 2 surface are observed by scanning force microscopy. The hidden stored damage, however, can be made visible using the technique of selective chemical etching. Each individual ion impact develops into a pyramidal etch pits, as can be concluded from a comparison of the areal density of observed etch pits with the applied ion fluence ͑typically 10 8 ions/ cm 2 ͒. The dimensional analysis of the measured pits reveals the significance of the deposited potential energy in the creation of lattice distortions/defects in BaF 2 .Swift heavy ions ͑MeV-GeV kinetic energy͒ have become an important tool for structural modifications of various materials at the microscale and nanoscale for a wide range of applications in the last two decades. 1-4 One major limitation of using these high-energy ions is the damage creation in deep layers which in some applications should be avoided. The desire to confine the damage to the first few layers, which is essential for applications such as ion projection lithography, has stimulated the interest for the use of slow ͑eV-keV͒ highly charged ions ͑HCIs͒. 5 This type of ions is now readily available after recent developments in ion source technology leading to powerful ion sources such as the electron-beam ion trap ͑EBIT͒. 6,7 While electronic energy loss of swift heavy ions is the major cause of material modifications, 8,9 potential-energy deposition is dominating surface modifications by HCI. 10 During interaction with the solid surface HCI deposit their potential energy ͑the total ionization energy required for producing the high charge state from its neutral ground state͒ within a few femtosecond in a nanometer-sized volume close to the surface. 10-12 Initially the potential energy is deposited in the electronic subsystem of the target leading to strong electronic excitations. Strong electron-phonon coupling can then induce local surface modifications in various solids. Recently, HCI-induced surface modifications such as hillocks, 13-15 craters, 16 pits, 17 and calderalike structures 18 with nanometer dimensions have been demonstrated. 10 The study of nanostructure formation on surfaces induced by HCI is a relatively new field and still requires a detailed comparison between materials with common and different properties, in order to develop a more general understanding of the underlying mechanisms. For this aim and motivated by our recent findings regarding surface nanostructuring of CaF 2 by means of HCI ͑Refs. 13 and 14͒, we selected BaF 2 as one of the ionic alkaline-earth fluorides ͑along with CaF 2 and SrF 2 ͒ which have a wide range of potential applications in microelectronic ...

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“…6,7 With all of these attractive merits, Au nanomaterials are most promising for applications, such as nanoelectronic interconnects, 6−8 optical transport behavior, 9 chemical sensors, 10 and biomedical or biosensing devices. 11 There are many reports about the synthesis techniques of gold nanostructures such as oxidation reduction, 12,13 electrochemical process, 14,15 or template fabrications. 16 However, the synthesis method employing liquid−solid (L− S) mechanism has yet to be explored.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid–Solid Process for Growing Gold Nanowires on an Indium Tin Oxide Substrate as Excellent Field Emitters

Chen¹,

Cheng²,

Chu³

et al. 2012

J. Phys. Chem. C

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Gold nanowires are successfully grown on an ITO substrate by a liquid−solid process. An excellent field emission behavior of the nanowires, as indicated by the field enhancement factor (β) of up to 7585, indicates a significant decrease in energy barrier between the nanowires and the ITO substrate. A single Au nanowire demonstrates a strong emission current up to 800 nA at an applied voltage of 200 V. The outstanding reliability of the nanowires warrants their potential applications as effective electron field emitters and chemical and/or biological sensors in future microelectronics. O ne-dimensional (1-D) nanostructures such as nanowires (NWs), nanotubes, and nanobelts have been widely used for fabrication of electronic and field emission devices. 1−4 Onedimensional noble nanowires possess excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, the very best malleability and ductility, and high chemical inertness property. 5 Au nanostructures have been widely investigated for a century due to its easy fabrication and many possible applications. Takayanagi et al. investigated the behavior of electron transport through 1-D nanoscale Au channels. 6,7 With all of these attractive merits, Au nanomaterials are most promising for applications, such as nanoelectronic interconnects, 6−8 optical transport behavior, 9 chemical sensors, 10 and biomedical or biosensing devices. 11 There are many reports about the synthesis techniques of gold nanostructures such as oxidation reduction, 12,13 electrochemical process, 14,15 or template fabrications. 16 However, the synthesis method employing liquid−solid (L− S) mechanism has yet to be explored. In this study, we report a simple, low-temperature (∼400°C) synthesis method to grow single-crystal Au nanowires on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate via the L−S growth process. These nanowires are approximately 100 nm in diameter and 10 μm in length. The field emission characteristics of Au nanowires have been studied, and the results indicate that the Au nanowires have a great potential to be used for field emission and sensor applications. ■ RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONITO substrates are selected for the growth of Au nanowires. A 500 nm Ti thin film to be followed with a 100 nm Au film has been deposited on the ITO by e-beam deposition at a pressure below 10 −6 Torr. We have designed a unique method to grow single-crystal Au nanowires with high aspect ratio through a L− S mechanism. The L−S process takes place in two steps. It starts with the formation of liquid Au−Ti droplets first to be followed by the growth of solid Au nanowires. Figure 1 illustrates a schematic growth model of the singlecrystal Au nanowires form at low temperature on the ITO substrate. Previous investigations of the binary Au−Ti system have shown that Au−Ti solid solution may form above 400°C. 17,18 During the nucleation step, the Au/Ti multilayer transforms and separates tiny Au−Ti nanoparticles having Au concentration close to be ∼99% form on the ITO substrate when the sample is annealed at temperature around 500°C for 60 ...

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Efficient field emission from structured gold nanowire cathodes

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Ion and electron irradiation-induced effects in nanostructured materials

Ion and electron irradiation-induced effects in nanostructured materials

Pyramidal pits created by single highly charged ions inBaF2single crystals

Liquid–Solid Process for Growing Gold Nanowires on an Indium Tin Oxide Substrate as Excellent Field Emitters

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