Efficient electro-optic modulation in low-loss graphene-plasmonic slot waveguides

Ding, Yunhong; Guan, Xiaowei; Zhu, Xiaolong; Hu, Hao; Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I.; Oxenløwe, Leif Katsuo; Jin, Kuijuan; Mortensen, N. Asger; Xiao, Sanshui

doi:10.1039/c7nr05994a

Cited by 95 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Recent developments in vdW integration of 2D materials present alternative ways to create vdW heterostructures with unique and desirable electronic and optical properties that are unavailable in isolated 2D materials . All of these advances have triggered fundamental explorations of newly developed 2D and vdW heterostructures, stimulating investigation of their potential applications in energy harvesting, photonics and optoelectronics, and biomedical technologies …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong Light–Matter Interactions Enabled by Polaritons in Atomically Thin Materials

Gonçalves

Stenger

Cox

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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Polaritons, resulting from the hybridization of light with polarization charges formed at the boundaries between media with positive and negative dielectric response functions, can focus light into regions much smaller than its associated free‐space wavelength. This property is paramount for a plethora of applications in nanophotonics, ranging from biological sensing to photocatalysis to nonlinear and quantum optics. In the two‐dimensional (2D) limit, represented by atomically thin and van der Waals (vdW) materials of single‐layers bound by weak vdW attraction, polaritons are characterized by extremely small wavelengths associated with extreme optical confinement, and furthermore can exhibit long lifetimes, electrical tunability, and extreme sensitivity to their dielectric environment, among many other desirable qualities in nano‐optical device applications. Here, the fundamentals of polaritons in atomically thin materials are summarized, emphasizing plasmon and exciton polaritons, their strong light–matter interactions, and nonlinear plasmonics. More specifically, this review opens with a pedagogical discussion of plasmons in extended and nanostructured graphene, providing a classical electrodynamical model in a nonretarded theoretical framework, and the ultraconfined acoustic plasmons supported by hybrid graphene–dielectric–metal structures. In addition, the basic principles are introduced and the recent developments on nonlinear graphene plasmonics and on strong coupling physics with atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides are reviewed. Finally, potentially new, promising research directions in the burgeoning field of 2D nanophotonics are identified.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong Light–Matter Interactions Enabled by Polaritons in Atomically Thin Materials

Gonçalves

Stenger

Cox

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…However, for photodetection in the silicon-based optical interconnect, it still needs to be integrated with another absorbing material, e.g., germanium or III-V compound semiconductor [3,4], leaving a big challenge for direct monolithic integration with the complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) technology and in achieving high bandwidth limited by absorbing materials' poor electrical properties. Graphene, a unique CMOS compatible two-dimensional (2D) material, provides great potential in the realization of high-performance optoelectronic devices [5,6,7,8,9,10]. In particular, significant efforts have been devoted to graphene photodetectors (PDs) [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we report an ultra-compact, on-chip, and high-speed graphene photodetector based on a plasmonic slot waveguide [33,7,34]. The subwavelength confinement of the plasmonic mode gives rise to the enhanced light-graphene interactions, and the narrow plasmonic slot of 120 nm enables short drift paths for photogenerated carriers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ultra-compact integrated graphene plasmonic photodetector with bandwidth above 110 GHz

et al. 2019

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Graphene-based photodetectors, taking the advantages of high carrier mobility and broadband absorption in graphene, have recently experienced rapid development. However, their performance with respect to responsivity and bandwidth is still limited by weak light-graphene interaction and large resistance-capacitance product. Here, we demonstrate a waveguide coupled integrated graphene plasmonic photodetector on a silicon-on-insulator platform. Benefiting from plasmonic enhanced graphene-light interaction and subwavelength confinement of the optical energy, we achieve a small-footprint grapheneplasmonic photodetector working at the telecommunication window, with large bandwidth beyond 110 GHz and high intrinsic responsivity of 360 mA/W. Attributed to the unique electronic bandstructure of graphene and its ultra-broadband absorption, operational wavelength range extending beyond mid-infrared, and possibly further, can be anticipated. Our results show that the combination of graphene with plasmonic devices has great potential to realize ultra-compact and high-speed optoelectronic devices for graphene-based optical interconnects. arXiv:1808.04815v3 [physics.app-ph]

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“…Ansell et al fabricated a proof-of-concept hybrid graphene plasmonic waveguide modulator based on the graphene/hBN/metal structure with an active area of just 10 μm 2 operating at telecom wavelengths [56]. With the aid of low-loss metal plasmonic slot waveguides, Ding et al reported a graphene electro-absorption modulator showing a modulation depth of 0.13 dB/μm [57]. By inserting graphene into a hybrid metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) plasmonic waveguide, a compact (~10 μm) electro-absorption modulator with a modulation depth >0.2 dB/μm and energy consumption of only 110 aJ/bit is recently reported [58], confirming the theoretical limits of switching energy is below 1 fJ/bit [59].…”

Section: Electro-optic Modulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Van der Waals materials integrated nanophotonic devices [Invited]

Liu¹,

Zheng²,

Chen³

et al. 2019

Opt. Mater. Express

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Emerging van der Waals materials exhibit a wide range of optical and electronic properties, making them attractive for nanophotonic devices. Due to the nature of van der Waals interactions, this new class of materials can be readily integrated with other existing nanophotonic structures, leading to novel device architectures and operating principles. In this review, we will present the progress of active nanophotonics, realized by integrating van der Waals materials with on-chip optical waveguides or resonators. Additionally, we will review the emerging research area in van der Waals nanophotonics, where the nanophotonic structures are fully made of van der Waals materials. A variety of van der Waals nanophotonic structures, ranging from ultrathin Fresnel lens, metasurfaces to photonic crystal cavities and their potential impacts on miniaturized optical system and quantum technology will be discussed.

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Efficient electro-optic modulation in low-loss graphene-plasmonic slot waveguides

Cited by 95 publications

References 37 publications

Strong Light–Matter Interactions Enabled by Polaritons in Atomically Thin Materials

Strong Light–Matter Interactions Enabled by Polaritons in Atomically Thin Materials

Ultra-compact integrated graphene plasmonic photodetector with bandwidth above 110 GHz

Van der Waals materials integrated nanophotonic devices [Invited]

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