Van der Waals materials integrated nanophotonic devices [Invited]

Liu, Chang Hua; Zheng, Jiajiu; Chen, Yueyang; Fryett, Taylor; Majumdar, Arka

doi:10.1364/ome.9.000384

Cited by 64 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 132 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has recently been introduced to integrated nanophotonic devices as a transparent heater [59][60][61] due to its high intrinsic in-plane thermal conductivity, ultra-low heat capacity, tunable transparency and conductivity as well as good flexibility and compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processes. [53][54][55][56][57][58]62 Consequently, graphene is a promising candidate for external heaters in PINCs with great potential for high-speed and low-energy electrical switching. In order to evaluate the optical performance of the PINC, the input and output ports of the PINC are assumed to be connected with regular silicon waveguides, which is the case for most applications.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Electrical Switching of Nonvolatile Phase-Change Integrated Nanophotonic Structures with Graphene Heaters

Zheng

Zhu

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Progress in integrated nanophotonics has enabled large-scale programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for general-purpose electronic-photonic systems on a chip.Relying on the weak, volatile thermo-optic or electro-optic effects, such systems usually exhibit limited reconfigurability along with high energy consumption and large footprints. These challenges can be addressed by resorting to chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs) such as Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST) that provide substantial optical contrast in a self-holding fashion upon phase transitions. However, current PCM-based integrated photonic applications are limited to single devices or simple PICs due to the poor scalability of the optical or electrical self-heating actuation approaches. Thermal-conduction heating via external electrical heaters, instead, allows large-scale integration and large-area switching, but fast and energy-efficient electrical control is yet to show.Here, we model electrical switching of GST-clad integrated nanophotonic structures with graphene 2 heaters based on the programmable GST-on-silicon platform. Thanks to the ultra-low heat capacity and high in-plane thermal conductivity of graphene, the proposed structures exhibit a high switching speed of ~80 MHz and high energy efficiency of 19.2 aJ/nm 3 (6.6 aJ/nm 3 ) for crystallization (amorphization) while achieving complete phase transitions to ensure strong attenuation (~6.46 dB/µm) and optical phase (~0.28 p/µm at 1550 nm) modulation. Compared with indium tin oxide and silicon p-i-n heaters, the structures with graphene heaters display two orders of magnitude higher figure of merits for heating and overall performance. Our work facilitates the analysis and understanding of the thermal-conduction heating-enabled phase transitions on PICs and supports the development of the future large-scale PCM-based electronicphotonic systems.The past decades have witnessed the booming applications of photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Benefiting from the low-loss broadband transmission, PICs have demonstrated advantages over electronics in information transport including telecommunication and data center interconnects.Recently, thanks to the remarkable advances in nanofabrication, the level of complexity of photonic integration has reached a new height, shedding light on the future electronic-photonic systems on a chip. 1-2 The availability of large-scale PICs, along with the slowing down of Moore's Law 3 and the von Neumann bottleneck in electronics, is thus offering PICs new opportunity to compete with electronic systems in energy-efficient broadband data processing and storage, in particular, for emerging applications such as neuromorphic computing, 4 quantum information, 2,5 and microwave photonics. 6-7 Similar to electronic field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), success in these fields requires large-scale programmable PICs that have low-energy, compact, and high-speed building blocks with ultra-low insertion loss. 8-9 Such general-purpose PICs can be reconfigured at will to meet t...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Electrical Switching of Nonvolatile Phase-Change Integrated Nanophotonic Structures with Graphene Heaters

Zheng

Zhu

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…The results show the critical role that the non-paraxial nature of light plays for imageenhancing cavities even for seemingly macroscopic dimensions on the order of a millimeter. The trade-off among the intracavity image amplification, fidelity, and cavity size must be carefully considered when employing a self-imaging cavity for specific applications, such as nonlinear image processing with χ 2 , χ 3 , self-electrooptic, or two-dimensional materials [19][20][21][22] and designing robust arbitrary optical potentials for experiments in cavity quantum electrodynamics [23,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image enhancement in a miniature self-imaging degenerate optical cavity

2020

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Image-amplifying optical cavities offer an intriguing platform for nonlinear optical processing of two-dimensional signals, with potential applications in optical information processing and optically implemented artificial neural networks. Here, we analyze the performance of a self-imaging degenerate cavity via numerical simulations and show the existence of a cavity size-dependent minimum spread in the transverse mode resonances. This non-degeneracy, in turn, leads to an inherent tradeoff between the amplification and the fidelity of the intracavity image as the cavity finesse changes. Our results point to a promising path to nonlinear image processing in a low-power, small-formfactor optical cavity.

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“…Integrating acousto-optic interactions resulting from stimulated Brillouin scattering has also been explored [172]. Alternatives to conventional and affordable silicon material platform have also been proposed as a method for creating and/or complementing photonic integrated circuits, including InP [173], van der Waals materials [174], photonic crystals [175], and graphene [176]. Prominent developments in on-chip nanophotonics shape global trends and future challenges in the field.…”

Section: Global Trends and Future Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-chip nanophotonics and future challenges

et al. 2020

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On-chip nanophotonic devices are a class of devices capable of controlling light on a chip to realize performance advantages over ordinary building blocks of integrated photonics. These ultra-fast and low-power nanoscale optoelectronic devices are aimed at high-performance computing, chemical, and biological sensing technologies, energy-efficient lighting, environmental monitoring and more. They are increasingly becoming an attractive building block in a variety of systems, which is attributed to their unique features of large evanescent field, compactness, and most importantly their ability to be configured according to the required application. This review summarizes recent advances of integrated nanophotonic devices and their demonstrated applications, including but not limited to, mid-infrared and overtone spectroscopy, all-optical processing on a chip, logic gates on a chip, and cryptography on a chip. The reviewed devices open up a new chapter in on-chip nanophotonics and enable the application of optical waveguides in a variety of optical systems, thus are aimed at accelerating the transition of nanophotonics from academia to the industry.

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Van der Waals materials integrated nanophotonic devices [Invited]

Cited by 64 publications

References 132 publications

Modeling Electrical Switching of Nonvolatile Phase-Change Integrated Nanophotonic Structures with Graphene Heaters

Modeling Electrical Switching of Nonvolatile Phase-Change Integrated Nanophotonic Structures with Graphene Heaters

Image enhancement in a miniature self-imaging degenerate optical cavity

On-chip nanophotonics and future challenges

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