Efficient and Environmental-Friendly Dehydration of Fructose to 5-HMF in Ultrasound Assisted Ionic Liquids / Deep Eutectic Solvents

Abstract

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is one of the most significant intermediate platforms for the production of both chemicals and liquid fuel derived from biomass. This study aimed to the assess the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted ionic liquids (ILs)/deep eutectic solvents (DES) in converting fructose to 5-HMF under milder conditions (≤ 100°C). The reaction conditions for the two-step transformation of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with metal chloride as a catalyst and ultrasonic-assisted DES were optimized. The results showed that under the best conditions for ultrasound-assisted ILs to convert fructose (ultrasonic frequency: 40 kHz, 80°C, 1 h, [Bmim]Cl, D001-cc: 100 mg, fructose addition: 100 mg), the yield of 5-HMF reached 65.29 mol%. In addition, the D001-cc catalyst maintained high catalytic activity after being reused 6 times, and the activated D001-cc basically achieved the initial fructose conversion effect. Under the optimal conditions of ultrasonic-assisted DES fructose conversion (ultrasonic frequency: 40 kHz, 100°C, 30 min, ChCl-OA (molar ratio: 1:2), water addition: 0.46 mL, DES addition: 1 g), the yield of 5-HMF reached 51.87 mol%. Under the best conditions of ultrasonic-assisted DES SCB conversion (ultrasonic frequency: 40 kHz, ultrasonic time: 1 h, DES: ChCl: OA, catalyst: SnCl4·5H2O, water addition: 0.46 mL, 130°C/4 h (150°C/0.5 h)), the yield of 5-HMF reached 47.43 mol%. The study initially showed that ultrasonic-assisted ILs/DES effectively converted fructose in one step. In addition, the synergy of DES and metal chloride can better convert lignocellulosic biomass. Simply stated, the ultrasound-assisted ILs/DES conversion of biomass has realized “physical driving chemistry”. Thus, paving the way of high-value utilization of lignocellulose to become greener and economical.

Biocatalytic Valorization of Biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfurylamine in a Three-Constituent Deep Eutectic Solvent–Water System

“…DES MA/Gly/B was a better catalyst for efficient catalysis of d -fructose to 5-HMF compared to ChCl/oxalic acid (OA), MeSAPO-11, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)/Al 2 O 3 , Si-3-IL-HSO 4 , and sulfonated magnetic carbon nanoparticle (SMCN) (Table ). − …”

Deep eutectic solvents for catalytic biodiesel production from liquid biomass and upgrading of solid biomass into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

“…Of note, without additional catalysts, the yield of HMF was 51.87 mol% when treated at 100 °C for 1 hour. 189 Compared with organic acids such as AA and butyric acid, the stronger acidity of formic acid (FA) was more conducive to the preparation of HMF. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of CrCl 3 as Lewis acid and acidic DESs (ChCl : HCOOH) exhibited excellent performance in the microwave-assisted fructose dehydration process.…”

Whole Cell Biocatalysis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural for Sustainable Biorefineries

“…It derives from the dehydration of hexoses (such as the cellulose-derived glucose), and its accumulation depends on the biomass used and the type and severity of pretreatment and hydrolysis applied. As its value has been receiving growing attention, several studies focused on optimizing pretreatment methods to increase HMF accumulation from different biomasses by using different reaction media and/or catalysts (e.g., solid acid catalysts, Lewis acids, Brönsted acids, ionic liquids, salts, deep eutectic solvents and biphasic systems) as well as alternative heating methods (e.g., ultrasound and microwave) [6][7][8][9][10]. Accordingly, increased importance has been given to the conversion of HMF into higher value derivatives [11,12].…”