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Though the widely available, low-cost, and disposable papers have been explored in flexible paper-based pressure sensors, it is still difficult for them to simultaneously achieve ultrahigh sensitivity, low limit and broad range of detection, and high-pressure resolution. Herein, we demonstrate a novel flexible paper-based pressure sensing platform that features the MXene-coated tissue paper (MTP) sandwiched between a polyimide encapsulation layer and a printing paper with interdigital electrodes. After replacing the polyimide with weighing paper in the MTP pressure sensor, the silver interdigital electrodes can be recycled through incineration. The resulting pressure sensor with polyimide or paper encapsulation exhibits a high sensitivity of 509.5 or 344.0 kPa–1, a low limit (∼1 Pa) and a broad range (100 kPa) of detection, and outstanding stability over 10 000 loading/unloading cycles. With ultrahigh sensitivity over a wide pressure range, the flexible pressure sensor can monitor various physiological signals and human movements. Configuring the pressure sensors into an array layout results in a smart artificial electronic skin to recognize the spatial pressure distribution. The flexible pressure sensor can also be integrated with signal processing and wireless communication modules on a face mask as a remote respiration monitoring system to wirelessly detect various respiration conditions and respiratory abnormalities for early self-identification of opioid overdose, pulmonary fibrosis, and other cardiopulmonary diseases.

Photocatalysis is a promising technology for renewable energy production. Many photocatalysis have realized the visible-light-driven catalytic activity. However, it is still difficult to achieve the enhanced photocatalytic activity with tunable wavelength. We have designed tunable wavelength enhanced photoelectrochemical cells by tuning the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks, which can be controlled by the aspect ratios of the Au nanorods, for both the cathode with the hydrogen evolution reaction and the anode with the electrooxidation of methanol reaction. The optimal photocatalytic activity of the hydrogen evolution and electrooxidation of the methanol can be realized only when the illuminating wavelength matches with the SPR peaks, which is quite selective to the illuminating wavelength. The blue shift of the SPR peak increases the photoelectrocatalytic effect whereas the red shift enhances the photothermal effect. Such studies provide a useful way for improving the photocatalytic activity and the selectivity of the photocatalytic reactions by adjusting the illuminating wavelength.

Background: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the prognostic value of total tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and subtypes of TILs (CD4 + , CD8 + , and FOXP3 + ) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods:A systematic search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identified eligible articles published before August 2019. Study screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. Risk of bias on the study level was assessed using the ROBINS I tool and Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. We performed a meta-analysis to obtain a pooled estimate of the prognostic role of TILs using Review Manager 5.3. Results:In total, 37 studies were included in the final analysis. Compared to TNBC patients with low TIL levels, TNBC patients with high TIL levels showed a higher rate of pathological complete response (pCR) to treatment (odds ratio [OR] 2.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1. 43-3.19). With each 10% increase in percentage of TILs, patients with TNBC had an increased pCR (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.16). Compared to TNBC patients with low TIL levels, patients with high TIL levels had better overall survival (OS; hazard ratio [HR] 0.58, 95% CI 0.48-0.71) and diseasefree survival (DFS; HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.57-0.76). Additionally, with a continuous increase in TIL levels, patients with TNBC had improved OS (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.87-0.93) and DFS (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.90-0.95). A high CD4 + TIL level was associated with better OS (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.32-0.76) and DFS (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.36-0.80). A high CD8 + TIL level was associated better DFS only (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.38-0.81), as no statistical association was found with OS (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.46-1.06). A high FOXP3 + TIL level also was associated with only DFS (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.33-0.75) and not OS (HR 1.28, 95% CI 0.24-6.88). Conclusions: TNBC with a high level of TILs showed better short-term and long-term prognoses. High levels of specific phenotypes of TILs (CD4 + , CD8 + , and FOXP3 + ) were predictive of a positive long-term prognosis for TNBC.

The recent development of optical technology has enabled the practical use of a carrier-envelope phase-controlled monocycle electric field in the terahertz (THz) regime. By combining this technique with metal nanostructures such as nanotips, which induce near-field enhancement, the development of novel applications is anticipated. In particular, THz scanning tunneling microscopy (THz-STM) is a promising technique for probing ultrafast dynamics with the spatial resolution of STM. However, the modulation of the THz waveform is generally accompanied by an enhancement of the electric field, which is unknown in actual measurement environments. Here, we present a method enabling direct evaluation of the enhanced near field in the tunnel junction in THz-STM in the femtosecond range, which is essential for the use of the THz near field. In the tunneling regime, it was also demonstrated that the transient electronic state excited by an optical pulse can be evaluated using the THz-STM, and the ultrafast carrier dynamics in 2H-MoTe2 excited by an optical pulse was reproducibly probed.

Studies of spin dynamics in low-dimensional systems are important from both fundamental and practical points of view. Spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy allows localized spin dynamics to be characterized and plays important roles in nanoscale science and technology. However, nanoscale analysis of the ultrafast dynamics of itinerant magnetism, as well as its localized characteristics, should be pursued to advance further the investigation of quantum dynamics in functional structures of small systems. Here, we demonstrate the optical pump-probe scanning tunnelling microscopy technique, which enables the nanoscale probing of spin dynamics with the temporal resolution corresponding, in principle, to the optical pulse width. Spins are optically oriented using circularly polarized light, and their dynamics are probed by scanning tunnelling microscopy based on the optical pump-probe method. Spin relaxation in a single quantum well with a width of 6 nm was observed with a spatial resolution of ∼ 1 nm. In addition to spin relaxation dynamics, spin precession, which provides an estimation of the Landé g factor, was observed successfully.

Everyone makes mistakes. So do human annotators when curating labels for named entity recognition (NER). Such label mistakes might hurt model training and interfere model comparison. In this study, we dive deep into one of the widely-adopted NER benchmark datasets, CoNLL03 NER. We are able to identify label mistakes in about 5.38% test sentences, which is a significant ratio considering that the state-of-the-art test F 1 score is already around 93%. Therefore, we manually correct these label mistakes and form a cleaner test set. Our re-evaluation of popular models on this corrected test set leads to more accurate assessments, compared to those on the original test set. More importantly, we propose a simple yet effective framework, CrossWeigh, to handle label mistakes during NER model training. Specifically, it partitions the training data into several folds and train independent NER models to identify potential mistakes in each fold. Then it adjusts the weights of training data accordingly to train the final NER model. Extensive experiments demonstrate significant improvements of plugging various NER models into our proposed framework on three datasets. All implementations and corrected test set are available at our Github repo 1 . * Equal Contributions.