Efficiency of activated carbon from palm kernel shell for treatment of greywater

Abstract

The potential of activated carbon from palm kernel shell (PKS-AC) to improve the quality of surface water and greywater based on the measurements of the parameters pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved oxygen (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) was investigated in the present study. The PKS was acid treated with aqueous H 3 PO 4 (1 N) for overnight at room temperature and then subjected to heat treatment at 550 C for 2 h. The efficiency of the PSK-AC samples of 30 and 40 mm thicknesses was examined for reduction of the above parameters in surface water and greywater samples for 5, 15, 30 and 60 min of the filtration process. The efficiency of COD reduction by 50 and 56.44%, that of TDS by 57.81% and 22%, and that of TSS by 83.11 and 42.11% were detected using the PSK-AC samples above, respectively. The OH group contributed most to the removal of pollutants among the OH, N-H, C¼O, C¼C, C-O-C, C-O-H main functional groups pointed out via Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) analysis on the surface. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the surface of the raw PSK-AC appeared smooth with holes on the external surface, while the grains were filled in the PSK-AC after the adsorption process. ARTICLE HISTORY

The Removal of Crystal Violet from Textile Wastewater Using Palm Kernel Shell-Derived Biochar

“…Therefore, various modification techniques such as metal oxide impregnation and functionalization can be explored to improve the adsorption capacity [74]. However, millions of tons of PKS is produced annually from oil palm plantations [75]; its use as an adsorbent helps solve the issue of disposal with no environmental impact. Additionally, the particle size and granular nature of BC-PKS allow easy separation in the filtration or precipitation processes when compared to sugar bagasse fiber that can form sludge.…”

Treatment of oil refinery effluent using bio-adsorbent developed from activated palm kernel shell and zeolite

“…On the other hand, palm kernel shell (PKS) is one of the signicant waste discharging from the palm oil mill industry, producing approximately 2 million tons annually. 6,23 PKS characteristics, such as large cavities and porosity, inexpensive, readily available and adsorption affinity, can be an excellent organic sorbents for pollutant removal. 24,25 Past studies have conrmed that PKS could remove heavy metals, dyes, persistent organic pollutants and organic contaminants.…”

Simple Preparations and Characterizations of Activated-Carbon- Clothes from Palm-Kernel-Shell for Ammonia Vapor Adsorption and Skim-Latex-Odor Removal

“…One of the solutions to reduce ammonia and skim latex odor is the use of an adsorbent-based treatment. However, despite the reputation of granular activated carbon as an absorbent [6] and odor removal mainly for water and gas, it is barely used to remove the odors in the skim latex vapor [7][8][9][10]. The process involves filling a container with the granular or powder content to make the carbon particles denser and reduce their absorbing capacity.…”